anchors plant in place

absorbs water and dissolved minerals

stores products of photosynthesis

consists of: stems, leaves, flowers

-hold and display leaves

-provide connections and transport of minerals between roots and leaves

-primary root developed from the radicle of most eudicots

-extends downwards by tip growth and outward by lateral roots

-often functions as a nutrient storage organ (carrots)

-primary roots of monocots

-originate from stem at ground level or below

-"arriving from outside"

-they form a fibrous root system

-formed from adventitious roots

-composed of numerous thin roots thaty are all about equal in diameter

-usually a large surface area

-sometimes function as prop roots

-form in the angle where each leave meets the stem

-if activated it can develop into a new branch or extension of the shoot system

-accounts for almost 90% of a cells volume

-watery sac that contains high concentration of solutes (enzymes, amino acids, sugars produced by photosynthesis)

-results from vacuole swelling up and putting pressure on cell wall

-keeps plant upright, rigid, and is essential for growth

-made of linear polymers of thousands of glucose molecules

-organized into bundles of microfibrils that form lattice within cell wall

-living contents of plant cell: plasma membrance and everything in it

-additional cellulosic layer deposited by plant cells that is internal to primary cell wall

-provides mechanical support (allows plants to produce large stems)

complex carbon-containing  polymer that forms a hydrophobic matrix that is strong, waterproof, resists animal digestion

-micorfibrils embedded in here

-clusters of undifferentiated cells that form at tips of embryonic root and shoot

-orchestrate all postembryonic development and allow plant to form organs during lifetime

-between cotyledons

-contains undifferentiated cells that will continue to divide and give rise to organs during plants lifetime

-at the root

-contains undifferentiated cells that continue dividing and creating organs throughout plants lifetime

-consists of 3 main systems in all vascular plants: dermal, vascular, ground

-established during embryogenesis

-forms epidermis (outer layer of plant)

-single cell layer

-some cells differentiate to form one of 3 specialized structures: stomatal guard cells, trichomes, root hairs

-leaf hairs

-provide protection against insects and damaging solar radiation

-increase surface area

-uptake of water and mineral nutrients

-tissue inbetween dermal tissue and vascular tissue in both shoots and roots

-makes up most of plant body

-storage, support, photosynthesis

-3 cell types help perform 3 functions: parenchyma, collenchyma, schlerenchyma

-type of tracheary element

-spindle shaped

-found in gymnosperms and vascular plants

-most common

-large vacuoles, thin walls (primary and shared middle lamella)

-important in photosynthesis (in leaves), storage of protein (in fruits) and starch (in roots)

-can keep dividing

-modified to provide flexible support

-cell walls thick at corners, ellongated

-cell wall thickens due to deposition of pectins

-provide support to leaf petioles, nonwoody stems, growing organs

-thickened secondary walls for support

-undergo programmed cell death

-2 types of cells: elongated fibers and sclereids

-provide rigid support to wood and other parts of plants

-organized into bundles

-densely packed

-isolated clumps are called stone cells (give pears gritty texture)

-plumbing or transport system of plant

-distinguishing feature of vascular plants

-2 tissues: xylem, phloem

-provides transport, support, storage

-transports carbohydrates (energy) from source (leaves) to storage (sinks; flowers, growing tissue)

-conducting cells contained in xylem

-undergo apoptosis before assuming function of transporting water and dissolved minerals

-2 types: tracheids, vessel elements

-interruptions in the secondary wall that leave the primary wall unobstructed

-allows water and minerals to move with little resistance from one tracheid to another

-formed from individual cells

-a water conducting system made up of vessels that are laid down end-to-end (in flowering plants)

-have pits in cell walls

-secrete lignin into secondary walls, then partially breakdown their end walls before dying

-characteristic cells of the phloem

-meet end to end

-transport carbs and other materials from sources to tissues

-contain plasmodesmata in their end walls that enlarge to form pores (sieve plates)

-shoots and roots

-growth is a lifelong process

-increase in girth

-a lot of gymnosperms and eudicots go through this

-developed by primary growth

-in all seed plants (nonwoody parts)

-herbaceous plants, monocots, consist entirely of primary plant body

-developed by secondary growth

-stems and roots thicken throughout lifetime

-orchestrate primary growth that give rise to primary plant body

-characterized by cell division followed by cel enlargement (vertical elongation)

orchestrate secondary growth

-2 types: vascular cambium, cork cambium

-supply cells that extend stems and branches which allows more leaves to form

-type that form leaves are called vegetative meristems

-type that forms flowers are inflorescence meristems

-produce the tissues of primary plant body

-from outside to inside of root and/or shoot are:

protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

-contains xylem and phloem

-in eudicots they generally form a cylinder

-in monocots they are generally scattered

-protects the delicate growing region of the root

-secretes a slime that acts as a lubricant

-detects the pull of gravity therefore it controls the downward growth of roots

-in middle of root apical meristem

-becomes more active after injury but normally cell division is rare

-made up of apical and primary mersitems

-source of al lthe cells of the root's primary tissues

-comes from protoderm

-is an outer layer of cells that is adapted for protection of the root and absorption of mineral ions and water

-long, delicate epidermal cells

-increase surface area of root to help with absorption of water

-comes from ground meristem

-ground tissue that is many cells thick; cells are ustually unspecialized

-serve as storage depots

-innermost layer of cortex

-cell walls contain suberin (waterproof substance)

-enable cylindrical ring of endodermal cells to control the movement of water and siddolved mineral ions into vascular tissue

-vascular cylinder that is produced by procambium

-consists of 3 tissues: pericycle, xylem, phloem

-consists of one or more layers of undifferentialated cells

-is it the tissue within which lateral roots arise

-it can contribute to secondary growth by giving rise to lateral meristems that thicken root

-its cells contain membrane transport proteins that export nutrient ions into cells of xylem

-found in monocots

-region or parenchyma cells that usually lie in the center of the root and surrounded by xylem and phloem

-stores carbohydrate reserves can also be found in eudicots

-bulges from which leaves arise

-form as cells divide on the sides of the shoot apical meristem

-form at the bases of the leaf primordial

-may become new apical meristema and initiate new shoots

-the overall tendency of a solution to take up water from pure water, across a membrane

-measured by sum of its negative solute potential and its positive pressure potential

-apical meristems that produce leaves

-two zones of photosynthetic parenchyma in eudicot leaves

-means "middle of the leaf"

-upper layer(s) consist of elongated cells and constitute zone called palisade mesophyll

-lower layer(s) consist of irregular shaped cells and constitute zone called spongy mesophyll

-formed by the vascular tissue branches throughout the leaves

-supply mesophyll cells are well supplied with water and minerals

-products of photosynthesis go through these for export to rest of plant

-pores that serve as passageways between environment and leaf's interior

-when open, carbon dioxide enters and oxygen leaves; but negative side: water is lost

-the secondary plant body of the roots and stems of some eudicots

-derived by secondary growth from two lateral meristems: vascular and cork cambium

-cylindrical tissue consisting of mainly elongated cells that frequently divide

-supplies cells of the secondary xylem and secondary phloem that eventually become wood/bark

-produces mainly waxy-walled protective cells

-supplies some of the cells that become bark

-cork cambium, cork, and phelloderm constitute this secondary dermal tissue

-this tissue, and the secondary phloem, constitute the bark

-measure of the effect of dissolved solutes on the osmotic behavior of the solution

-negative

-the pressure of water against the cell's interior wall as it fills up with water

-when pressure potential exactly balances the solute potential

-has significant positive pressure potential

-consists of cell walls, that are outside the plasma membrane,

-meshwork where water and dissolved sustances flow through without having to cross a membrane

-unregulated and rapid

-passes through the continuos cytoplasm of the living cells  connected by plasmodesmata

-movement of water and dissolved substances into the symplast is tightly regulated

-waxy, suberin-impregnated region of endodermal cell wall

-forms a water-repelling (hydrophobic) belt around each endodermal cell where it is in contact with another endodermal cell

-seals and prevents water and ions from moving between the cells

-separates apoplast of the cortex from the apoplast of the stele

-pressure exerted by the root tissues that would force liquid up the xylem

-one hypothesis for the transport of water up the xylem

-accounts for xylem transport

-requires no energy

-daughter cells produced next to the sieve tube elements when a parent cell divides

-retain all organelles; provide all the functions needed to maintain the sieve tube elements through nucleous

-states that: sucrose is actively transported into sieve tube elements at a source which gives those cells a greater sucrose concentration than the surrounding cells