Plants characterestics to live on land

• absurbtion of water and minerals efficiently
• Firmly attached to a surface
• Reduce loss of water
• Independent on water for reproduction
• Have form of support

Bryophytes 

• Small plants
• live in damp shady areas
• e.g Mosses and liverworts

• No true leaves(no cuticle or stromata) 
• Has an axis with flatterned outgrowths that apear as leaves (cell thick except in middle)

• No true roots (no vascular tissue or growing point)
• Instead have mulicellular filaments (rhizoids)

Bryophytes vascular tissues

• Not present
• instead axis has a central core with elongated cells

Bryophytes spores

• Gametophyte and sporophyte are prominent
• The sporophyte is attached to the gametophyte
• Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte for food, mineral and water
• Spore grow intto filamentous structures which grow into buds that grow into a new gametophytes

Bryophytes dependency on water for reproduction

• Totally dependent

Pterophytes

• e.g ferns and horsetails (ancient phyla of true vascular plants)
• Contains xylem, phloem, true leaves and true roots
• Can grow large as small trees

Pterophytes Leaves

• True leaves = fronds (prominate)
• fronds have a central stalk (rachis - exposes plant to sunlight) that attaches itself to a a stem (Rhizome)
• fronds divide into leaflets (pinnae)

Pterophytes Roots

• True roots = adventrous roots at nodes of rhizomes
• Root cap protects growing point of the plant and has root hairs to increase surface area to absurb enough water

Ptrophytes Vascular Tissue

• Vascualr tissue (xylem and phloem)
• Xylem only contains tracheids so water is transported slowely
• Xylem helps support fronds

Pterophytes Spores

• Sporophyte is the prominate phase
• Sporophytes is independent on gametophyte after a short time once its formed
• In the sori of the pinnae contains sporangia which produce spores
• spores germinate into gametophtes which dissapears when germinated into an embroy of the sporophyte when its produced first root and leaf
• Gametophyte is autrophic and independet on sporophyte

Spermatophytes (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)

• Seed Bearing plants
• Dominate sporophyte 
• sporophyte has specialised cells
• Gametophyte is well protected by sporophyte

Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms Leaves

• True leaves (Conifers - needle shaped, yellow wooods - thin and elongated, fan shaped - gingko)
• Thick walled epidermis
• Has a vascular tissue with prominent vien in the middle

Gymnosperm Roots

• True roots - Tap root with lateral roots
• Lateral roots are close to surface for more absurbtion of water
• Root cap covers each root
• Roots have symbiotic relationship with fungi(mycorrhizae)

Gymnosperms Vascular Tissue

• Well developed vascular tissue in roots, leaves and stems
• Xylem is only made of tracheids
• Cambium bwteen xylem and phloem allows secondary tissue

Gymnosperms seeds (1)

• Sporophyte is prominate & dominate phase
• Reproductive structure = cones

• Male cones produce microspores = pollen grains
• Mature Pollen grain = male gametophyte
• Female cones produce megaspores = grows into femal gametophyte

Gymnosperm seeds (2)

• Gametophyte is reduced and protected within sporophyte as the gametophyte is not suited to live on land
• Male gamete fuses with female gamete which forms a zygote which develops into and embroyo (has food reserve for germinating sporophyte before it forms leaves and roots), the ovule around embryo becomes a seed
• Seeds found exposed on upper surface of woody scales on femal cones

Gymnosperms dependency on water for reproduction

• Not dependent
• Pollen grains blows onto female cone and grows asmall extensions (pollen tube). Male gamete moves down pollen grain and fuses with female gametophyte

Angiosperms

• Most advanced plants
• Flowering plants

Angiosperm leaves

• True Leaves(flat, thin  coverd by waxy cuticle, epidermis has one layer of cells and stromata)
• Have Veins(Vascular Tissue)

Angiosperm roots

• Well developed root systems that is covered and protected by a root cap
• Root tips have root hairs (unicellular outgrowths of epidermis)

Angiosperms vascular tissue

• Xylem contains tracheids and xylem vessels
• Phloem has siever tubes and companion cells
• Cambium is present between xylem and phloem in some angiosperms

Angiosperm Seeds/Flowers/ Fruits

• Sporophyte is dominate and prominent phase
• Reproductive systems = flowers (produce seeds in fruits)

Angiosperm Seeds/Flowers/ Fruits

• Stamens = male part(male gametes in pollen grains)
• Petals = corolla
• Stalk = Filament (supports anthers)
• Sepals = collectively are called calyx(protect flower when it is in a bud)

Angiosperm Seeds/Flowers/ Fruits

• Receptacle (swollen base)
• Carpel is femal part(stigma is the receptive pat of the carpel so pollen grains will only germinate if landed here)
• Style holds the stigma
• Ovary is at the base of the carpel and contains ovules(female gametes)
• Ovule becomes seed after fertilisation

Angiosperm Seeds/Flowers/ Fruits

(Flower are modified leaves that may have following whorels)

• Outermost whorl - sepals are usually green
• Inside sepals is a whorl -  petals and come in a range of colours
• Inside Petals is a whorl - stamens 
• Innermost whorls - Carpels

Angiosperm Seeds/Flowers/ Fruits

(Flower are modified leaves that may have following whorels)

• Stamens = microspores (pollen grains = male gametophyte which reduced to 2 nuclei)
• Carpel consists of three parts = Stinma, style, and ovary. Ovary encloses ovule (megaspore = female gametophyte which is reduced to 8 nuclei

Angiosperm Seeds/Flowers/ Fruits

(Flower are modified leaves that may have following whorels)

The mature pollen grain lands on stigma and develops a pollen tube which grows down style towards ovary, male gametes fertilises female gamete which forms a zygote that develops into and embryo that becomes a seed and ovary forms a fruit

The embryo in seed germinates into a new sporophyte

Angiosperms dependency on water for reproduction

• Not dependent
• Embroyo is proteced by seed, seed is proteced by furit, embroy has a food reserve for the germinating sporophyte before it forms its first leafs and roots