Term
| What are the three domains? |
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Definition
| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
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Term
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Definition
autotroph is an organism that uses energy from the sun or the oxidation of inorganic substances, such as CO2
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Definition
a heterotroph is an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organiss or their by products. |
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Term
| What is a Photoheterotroph? |
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Definition
an organism that uses light to generate ATP, but must obtain carbon in an organic form.
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Term
| What is a Chemoheterotroph? |
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Definition
an organism that must obtain both energy and carbon by consuming organic molecules. |
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Term
| What are the differences between Abiotic and Biotic? |
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Definition
Abiotic refers to non-living factors of envionment (ie. chemical, light, temp...) Biotic refers to all living oraganisms in the environment. (ie predators, prey...) |
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Term
| List characteristics of Prokaryotes. |
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Definition
small cells (1-10um),
lack membrane-bound nucleus,
contain single DNA molecule,
have few organelles,
semi-rigid/rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
Ex. Bacteria
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Term
| List characteristics of Eukaryotes. |
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Definition
have a true nucleus with multiple chromosomes,
several specialized organelles,
differentially permeable cell membrane,
ex.organisms composed of euk cells: protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, animals.
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Term
| What are the four scales of study in Ecology? |
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Definition
Organismal,
population,
community,
ecosystem
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Term
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Definition
| membrane/outer boundary of the cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating cell chemical composition. as |
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Term
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Definition
diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane without any energy being expended. relies on concentration gradient,
through bilayer or membrane pores or channels.
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Definition
(carrier mediated transport)spontaneous passage of molecules or ions through specific trans-membrane transport proteins, across a biological membrane. also relies on concenctration gradient.
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Term
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Definition
passive transport of water across a membrane
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Term
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Definition
-pumping of a molecule across a membrane, against its gradient.
-requires the expenditure of energy
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Definition
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Definition
resistant cell developed by certain bacteria in order to withstand the harsh conditions of their environment.
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Definition
"living together" - ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with one another.
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
process of transferring genetic material between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined by pili that act like a "mating bridge" so one cell may donate DNA to the other.
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Term
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Definition
flat, interconnected sacs found inside the chloroplast, where light energy is converted into chemical energy.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(desmos- to bind)
-channels through the cell walls that allow the passage of water, small solutes, and proteins.
-connects cell to the chemical environments of the cells next to them.
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Term
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Definition
-found in vascular tissues.
-conducts most water and minerals
-includes tracheids and vessel elements
-dead at maturity.
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Term
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Definition
-found in vascular tissues.
-cells arranged in tubes to transport sugars, amino acids, and other nutrients
-alive, containes sieve tube elements and companion cells.
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Definition
-connected to sieve tube members by plasmodesmata.
-contains nucleus and is usedto help load sugars into sieve tube members for transport.
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Term
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Definition
-chains of cells that compose tubes used to transport nutrients.
-lacks nucleus, but still alive.
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Definition
| photosynthetic organelle that converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules. |
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Definition
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Definition
(grk. "mouth")
-microscopic pores in the epidermis of plant
-surrounded by guard cells
-regulates CO2 uptake for photosynthesis.
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Term
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Definition
cells surrounding the stomata that regulate the opening and closing of the pore.
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Term
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Definition
cells that carry out most metabolic processes of the plant, such as photosynthesis, and are involved with the synthesis and storage of organice products.
found throughout plant as tissue in the cortex, as pith in pith rays, and in xylem and phloem.
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Term
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Definition
-rigid cells that serve as supporting elements in the plant.
-they have thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin.
-2 types: fibers and sclerids.
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Term
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Definition
process of cell division occuring in the somatic tissues that preserves the chromosome number and results in genetically identical cells.
[ex. asexual, diploid->diploid, haploid->haploid]
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Term
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Definition
process of cell division where chromosome number is reduced by half, resulting in genetically variable haploid cells.
[ex. sexual reproduction, diploid->haploid, spores or gametes.]
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Definition
cell with two sets of inherited chromosomes.
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Definition
cell with one set of inherited chromosomes.
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Definition
process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.
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Definition
| reproductive cells such as sperm and eggs. |
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Definition
-one of the two prokaryotic domains[the other being Bacteria].
-consists of diverse group of prokaryotic organisms that inhabit a wide variety of environments.
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Definition
the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.
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Definition
approach to systematics in which the primary criterion used to classify organisms is common ancestry.
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Definition
shared derived characteristics.
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Definition
group of taxa containing common ancestor and all its descendants.
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Definition
group of taxa missing one or more descendants.
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Definition
group of taxa missing a common ancestor.
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Definition
traits that are similar due to common ancestry.
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Term
| Analogous Traits (structures) |
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Definition
traits that are similar due to convergent evolution.
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Definition
| species or group of species from evolutionary lineage, knonwn to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying. |
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Term
| What are shared, derived, traits? What is the difference between shared, derived traits that are homologous and those that are analogous? |
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Definition
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Term
| Historically, what are the three systems we have used to classify organisms, & why do we use our current system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Four Stage Hypothesis that explains the origins of life on early earth? Which two experiments did we discuss in lecture that followed this hypothesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare an autotroph vs. a heterotroph. What are some differences between a photoautotroph and a chemoautotroph? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was early earth like? How did oxygen accumulate in the atmosphere? When did oxygen accumulate in the atmosphere? When did photosynthesis evolve? When did organisms begin to move on to land? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are cells the size they are, quite small? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some functions of cell membranes? What are cell membranes made of? What is the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic cell membranes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some adaptations plants made during the process of moving to land? For example, what structures did algae develop as they moved closer to shore? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the general properties of the fluid mosaic model? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the terms endocytosis and exocytosis. Also include a picture showing how a cell can do this. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the theory of serial endosymbiosis. What did it give rise to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some functions of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the basic equation of photosynthesis? How about respiration?
What color, or wavelength of light, do plants absorb? Reflect? |
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Definition
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Term
| Draw a chloroplast and label parts important to photosynthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Photosynthesis can be divided into two parts: The light reactions, and the Calvin cycle. What are the products of each? Also, what is needed for each cycle to begin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three basic requirements of life? |
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Definition
| An energy source, a carbon source and a liquid medium. |
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Term
| What is the function of mitochondria? Chloroplasts? Are these prokaryotic or eukaryotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three metabolic relationships to oxygen? Define them. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are Cyanobacteria so important? What are the major characteristics of Cyanobacteria? What do they use in photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophic prokayotes, with plantlike, oxygen generating photosynthesis. They are abundant wherever there is water, providing abundant amounts of food to freshwater and marine ecosystems. Some have specialized cells for nitrogen fixation. Choloroplasts likely evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacterium. |
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Term
| What are Archaea? List the three types. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three Symbiotic Relationships? Define them and give some examples. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four Membrane Transport Mechanisms? (hint: you were asked to define them in the vocabulary section above) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three basic requirements of life? |
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Definition
| Energy source, liquid medium, carbon based |
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Term
| Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis. When did it first begin to accumulate? |
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Definition
| 2.7 bya (billion years ago) |
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