Term
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Definition
(found in land plants and some green algae)
1. Contain cellulose in cell walls.(although some bacteria and oomycetes do as well)
2. Store food reserve as starch in plastids.
3. Phragmoplast and plasmodesmata.
4. Photosynthesis & chlorophyll a and b.
*All four traits together found only in some green algae and land plants* |
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Term
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Definition
– Organelles that store or
manufacture chemicals
– Some manufacture and
store starch
– Found in some algae and
land plants |
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Term
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Definition
*Thylakoid Membrane
*Capture light energy to form ATP from ADP
*Use light energy to reduce NADP+ to NADPH
*Light energy is converted to chemical energy |
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Term
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Definition
* Stroma
* Calvin Cycle
* Synthesize simple sugars used to build most of the compounds the plant needs to grow.
* Three phases:
– Carbon fixation (carboxylation)
– Reduction
– Regeneration |
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Term
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Definition
• The protons in the lumen set up an electrochemical gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
• Protons move from thylakoid
lumen to stroma.
• The enzyme complex ‘ATP Synthase’ uses the flux of protons as energy to drive the synthesis of ATP in stroma.
• ATP is last input for the dark
reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
* First Stage of Calvin Cycle.
* Fix carbon molecules from the atmosphere (CO2) into organic molecules.
* Catalyzed by Rubisco. |
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Term
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Definition
* Second Stage of Calvin Cycle.
* Goal: convert the new acid (PGA) into a sugar: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (PGAL).
*6 PGA (->) 6 1,3 biphosphoglycerate (->) 6 PGAL.
* Requires energy in form of ATP and reducing power in form of NADPH.
– These come from light reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
• 1 PGAL can be exported from chloroplast and be made into glucose and all other molecules of the cell.
– backbone for synthesis sugars, starch, fatty acids, amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
* Third Stage of Calvin Cycle.
* Goal: regenerate the RuBP we started with.
* 5 PGAL (->) 3 RuBP
* Remaining 5 PGAL are 5 molecules with 3 carbons each.
* Get converted into 3 RuBP: 3 molecules with 5 carbons each.
* This requires ATP from the light reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
* First photosynthesisers did not create O2, they used H2S as a source of e-.
* By 2.2 bya, O2 levels on earth were high. Cyanobacteria were producing O2 for about 500 my at that point. |
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Term
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Definition
* One of the groups of green algae.
* Freshwater green algae. |
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Term
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Definition
* Seasonally dry freshwater pools at first.
* Cuticle layer.
* Stomata.
* Water conducting cells.
* Meristems.
* Life cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
-similar to the first land plants
-Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.
-The one you see (dominant) is the haploid gametophyte stage.
-Still need water to reproduce. |
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Term
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Definition
-Flattened liver lobe like leaves.
-No stomata
-Mostly humid environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Peat moss (cusiony and water absorbing), granite moss (in mountainous or arctic regions), and true moss (cushiony or feathery growth, most abundant). |
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Term
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Definition
-Superficially look like liverworts.
-Elongated sprorophyte.
-Only one large chloroplast per cell. |
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Term
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Definition
-Resemble the first vascular plants.
-Dominant along with ferns from 375-290 mya.
-From arctic to tropics.
-Require water for fertilization.
-Extinct ones reached the size of trees. |
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Term
| Appearance of Vascular Plants |
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Definition
-Arthropods now on land as well.
-Increase in size because of tracheary elements and lignin.
-True roots. |
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Term
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Definition
-Amphibians also were on land at this time.
-Water still needed for reproduction at this time.
-Ferns are still very abundant (11,000 species) but mostly found in the tropics.
-Horsetails are also still around but much smaller today. They also need moist environments. |
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Term
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Definition
* gymnosperms
* angiosperms
* Largest group of living plants.
* Evolved 365 mya. (Diverged 300-200 mya during the age of reptiles, some of the dinos ate plants.) |
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Term
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Definition
-Contains zygotes and embryo that comes from it.
-Offers protection and stores food. -Delays germination. |
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Term
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Definition
-Name means "naked seed": no fruits.
-4 Phyla: Cycads, Ginkgos, Conifers, Gnetophytes.
-Water is no longer required for reproductions (in some groups, pollen tube carries sperm to egg cell.) |
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Term
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Definition
-Ephedra: familiar as herbal remedy, dietary supplement--now banned in the U.S. because of side effects.
-Welwitschia: Costal desert of Angola, Namibia, South Africa. Two strap leaves that grow forever. |
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Term
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Definition
-Pines, firs, spruces, redwoods, larches, hemlocks, cypresses, junipers.
-Leaves suited to low water availability.
-Often used for the wood/paper/resin industry.
-300 mya also very common during dino age up to 100 mya.
-Bristle cone pines: oldest living organisms around 5,000 years.
-Redwoods: 100m tallest trees alive. |
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Term
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Definition
-Flowering plants (still have seeds).
-Cretaceous (130mya) Dominant for last 100 my. Coeincides with the beginning dominance of mammals.
-Dominate every habitat except the highest mountain tops, poles, ocean. (Especially diverse in the tropics.)
-Impact on insect evolution. (Specialized pollination).
-250,000 species (most successful).
-Phloem also appeared first with these. |
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Term
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Definition
-Attracts pollinators.
-Houses reproductive organs.
-Enhances reproductive success. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Food for developing embryo in the seed. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Embryo protection and seed dispersal. |
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Term
| Alternation of Generations |
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Definition
-2 generations in each life cycle.
-Gametophyte (Haploid).
-Sporophyte (Diploid).
-Appearance and role of gametophyte and sporophyte has varies over plant evolution. |
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Term
| How Alternation of Generations works |
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Definition
-Diploid sporophyte (sporangia structure) undergoes meiosis and produces 4 haploid spores.
-These spores grow up to become gametophytes (haploid).
-Gametophytes have cells that undergo mitosis producing haploid gametes (egg and sperm).
-Egg and sperm come together to form zygote (diploid).
-The zygotes grow up to be sporophytes (diploid). |
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Term
| Differences between plant and animal meiosis role. |
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Definition
-Meiosis produces haploid gametes in animals.
-In plants meiosis produces spores (haploid) but these are not gametes they develop into individuals. |
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Term
| Green algae (Charales) life cycle |
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Definition
-The algae is a haploid gametophyte.
-Undergoes mitosis to form egg and sperm which unite to form a diploid zygote. This is a single cell zygote (No MULTICELLULAR SPOROPHYTE LIKE IN LAND PLANTS) which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores.
-These grow up to become a haploid gametophyte.
-The haploid phase is dominant. |
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Term
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Definition
-Similar to early land plants.
-Large/dominant gametophytes. Small but multicellular sporophyte (2n) has developed.
-Parasitic Sporophyte stays close to gametophyte. Free living gametophyte. |
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Term
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Definition
-Where meiosis produces spores.
-Located on the sporophyte. |
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Term
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Definition
-Male sex organ of gametophyte where sperm are produced.
-Sperm are free swimming (need water to get to the egg). |
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Term
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Definition
| -Female sex organ where ovules are produces in the gametophyte. |
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Term
| Vascular plant life cycle |
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Definition
-Small gametophyte, large sporophyte.
-Perhaps because a diploid organism (2 copies) has a greater resistance to deleterious mutations.
-All vascular plants are oogamous (large eggs that can't move and motile sperm).
-Seedless vascular plants retain a free-living gametophyte and still need water for sperm to swim to the egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| give rise to male (microgametophytes) |
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Term
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Definition
| give rise to female (megagametophytes) |
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Term
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Definition
-production of two different types of spores.
-Seen in some lycophytes, some ferns, and all seed plants (started path for seeds).
-Previously all spores identical. |
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Term
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Definition
-Both mega and micro spores grow into gametophytes (female and male respectively.)
-Microgametophyte makes sperm, mega makes egg, zygote is produced.
-When the zygote starts dividing it is retained in the megagametophyte. Probably deriving some nutrition from the female gametophyte This is new. This is part of the evo. step that leads to seeds.
-Bursts out of megagametophyte and becomes its own structure (a sporophyte).
-Water is still needed at this point. |
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Term
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Definition
-Next evolutionary step was reatainment of entire female gametophyte in sporophyte.
-No megaspore dispersed.
-This generates a structure called an OVULE (spores stuck inside sporangia (gametophyte trapped in here).
-Mature ovule= seed
-All seed plants have this type of lifecycle.
-The origin of seeds. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Retention of megasopre in megasporangium; spore not released.
2. Single megaspore mother cell (which undergoes meiosis) in each megasporangium.
3. Of four (haploid cells) megaspores produced by meiosis, only one survives.
4. Megagametophyte develops INSIDE megasporangium; not free living.
5. After fertilization, embryo (young
sporophyte) develops in megasporangium.
-New sporophyte developing inside the old sporophyte.
6. Formation of seed coat-protective tissue that encloses megasporangium.
7. Modifications to receive pollen. |
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Term
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Definition
-Immature seed.
-Megasporangium with one functional megaspore with femal gametophyte inside.
-Covered by newly evolved seed coat.
-Gametophyte has eggs for fertilization. |
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Term
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Definition
-Mature seed = seed.
-Pollen transfers sperm to eggs
-Embryo develops inside female gametophyte.
-In gymnosperms, this serves as food.
* Once free living, female gametophyte now reduced to producer of egg cells and food!
-After fertilization, seed with embryo can be released. |
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Term
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Definition
* Great survival value, these plants became dominant.
* Food and protection for the embryo.
* Can postpone germination. |
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Term
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Definition
* pollen grain.
* microspore develops into pollen (a micro gametophyte)
* Dispersed by wind, or a pollinator to the megagametophyte. -Pollination, no need for water!
* microgametophyte is now composed of very few cells. |
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Term
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Definition
(SKIPPED PREVIOUS SLIDE GO BACK AND MAKE CARD)
*Cones for producing microspores (pollen bearing spores) and cones producing megaspores (becomes the megagametophyte which produces egg cells. They come together in the ovule and fertilization generates a zygote.
-Zygote develops into embryo.
-Embryo becomes a pine seed which is released and grows into another sporophyte. |
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Term
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Definition
-Megasporangium with one megaspore.
-That develops into a megagametophyte.
-That produces egg cells.
-That are fertilized by sperm to form the new embryo sporophyte. |
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Term
| Trends in plant evolution |
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Definition
-reduction of gametophyte
-increased protection of young sporophyte
-This is taken to extremes in Angiosperms. |
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Term
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Definition
-Usually green
-Enclose flower bud |
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Term
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Definition
-Composed of Anther and Filament
-The anther is the top part that contains sporangia and produces microspores.
-Microspores develop into microgametophyte
-composed of old sporangia. |
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Term
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Definition
-Stigma, Style, Ovary.
-where female gametes are produced
-modified leaf that now encloses ovule which has a megasporangium with a megaspore, that becomes the megagametophyte which gives rise to egg cells (gamete) covered by a seed coat
-The new ovule enclosure is part of the sporophyte.
-contain sporangia gametophyte/etc. combo |
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Term
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Definition
-microgametophyte
-Only 3 cells- 2 are actually sperm (gametes formed by mitosis). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| where sperm cells travel down to egg |
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Term
| Differences of angiosperms from gymnosperms |
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Definition
* When the megaspore undergoes mitosis to become the gametophyte 8 nuclei develop.
* There are only 7 cells one called the polar nuclei has two nuclei; one is the egg cell and then 6 others are there.
* 7 cells = mature gametophyte (sometimes called the embryo sac). |
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Term
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Definition
* Hallmark of angiosperm reproduction and of endosperm formation.
* On stigma, pollen hydrated by surface cells
– Pollen “germinates”
– Forms a pollen tube
– Will convey the two sperm to ovule
* The two sperm are in the cytoplasm of the remaining cell.
* Pollen tube grows through style to ovule (fastest growing cell)
* One sperm with one egg-zygote (2n)- new sporophyte
* One sperm with 2 polar nuclei-(3n) endosperm-nutritive tissue.
* |
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Term
| angiosperm vs. gymnosperm seeds |
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Definition
(3n) endosperm vs. (1n) vegetative remains of female gametophyte.
Embryo is 2n in both cases. |
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Term
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Definition
- Mature Ovary (This happens after fertilization).
- the new structure that encloses the ovule. This tissue comes from the original sporophyte.
- Generally intended to increase seed dispersal (Different methods, wind, water, attached to animals, rodent hoard or bury seeds, fleshy fruits get eaten). |
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Term
| Transition from HG life style to agriculture |
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Definition
- Around 10-15 thousand years ago.
- Info come from groups that still use HG today (Kung in the Kalahari Desert-less labor intensive than agriculture; must know a lot about plants)
-Farming takes more work but can feed more people, few groups returned to HG, by 2000 ya, most were practicing agriculture, this was accompanied by a population explosion.
-Don't really know why this occurred, but this happened at around 10,000 ya in many different human groups.
- |
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Term
| Impact of switch to agriculture |
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Definition
-caused pop growth which caused need for more agriculture
-children become asset
-more people-more food-more work more children
-sedentary lifestyle: city states, food surpluses
-increase in population density: increase in infectious diseases including those associated with human waste and animals (e.g. milaria). |
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Term
| Earliest record for food agriculture |
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Definition
-Fertile crescent
-Roughly 10,000 years old
-Barley and wheat first then lentils and peas.
-Cereals (grasses) and legumes among the most important contributors to the beginning of ag because together they provide the aa needed to make protein.
-Multiple domestication evens happened in various centers around the world.
- |
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Term
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Definition
-The idea of crop centers of origin.
-Goal was to create better crops for the USSR.
-Determined where greatest diversity for crops found. Created world's largest collection of crop seeds. This still exists today.
-Concluded that each crop has a primary center of diversity which is also the center of origin. |
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Term
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Definition
-Great influence on Soviet biology under Stalin.
-Held Lamarckian views (did not like Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution because he thought it did not live up to Soviet ideals).
-Targeted scientists supporting Mendelian genetics. Persecuted Vavilov, very famous around the world at this time who died of starvation in prison in 1943.
-Wiped out genetics research in the Soviet Union until the 1960's. |
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Term
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Definition
- Center of Domestication
- Fertile Crescent
- Barley (but a second barley domestication occurred later in central Asia)
-Wheat, pea, lentil, chickpea, and flax. |
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Term
| The domestication syndrome |
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Definition
-Larger fruits and grains
-More robust plants
-Reduced branching
-Loss of natural seed dispersal
-Loss of seed dormancy
-Reduction of toxic/bitter compounds
-Photoperiod insensitivity
-Synchronized flowering |
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Term
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Definition
-Gene tb 1 for reduced branching (increased apical dominance) this results in more seeds in fewer branches.
-This gene is a transcription factor- control expression of other genes.
-The difference is how much of the gene is expressed, there is no difference in the proteins.
-Regulatory change.
-We think tb 1 represses genes involved in cell cycle control. More tb 1 more repression, less branches. |
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Term
| Maize from Teosinte gene controlling glume casing |
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Definition
-Glumes accumulate lignin and silica making them hard they cover the seeds in teosinte they also grow more rapidly in teosinte.
-This is caused by gene tga 1 (also a transcription factor).
-Teosinte and maize express the gene to the same degree.
-There is a single amino acid change from the teosinte to maize tga protein(the proteins seem to just work differently.)
-Controls genes involved in cell lignification, silica deposition, and organ growth. |
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