Term
| growth in response to light (unidirectional) |
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Definition
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Term
| plant hormone that promotes division and elongation of cells to increase growth |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are photoreceptors located in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more sensitive to auxin: the root or the shoot? |
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Definition
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Term
| growth in response to gravity |
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Definition
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Term
| growth in response to moisture gradient |
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Definition
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Term
| growth in response to touch; tendrils wrap around objects for support |
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Definition
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Term
| growth in spiral pattern that increases chance of making contact with a support structure; caused by cell enlargement |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the selection pressures in cold environments? |
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Definition
| lack of accessible water and cold temperatures |
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Term
| In phototropism, where is the greatest concentration of auxin? What does it cause? |
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Definition
| shaded side; growth/bending toward the light |
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Term
| If a plant is placed on its side, where will the auxin concentrate? What does this concentration cause? |
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Definition
| lower side of the plant; causes upward growth |
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Term
| Roots have _________ phototropism, ____________ gravitropism, and ______________ hydrotropism |
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Definition
| negative, positive, positive |
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Term
| How is touch perceived in circumnutation? |
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Definition
| specialized epidermal cells |
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Term
| What do the cells of deciduous trees gather to make antifreeze? |
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Definition
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Term
| in deciduous trees, contain baby leaves and flowers for the next spring, protected by thick scales |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the disadvantages that deciduous plants have in losing their leaves? |
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Definition
| no chance for photosynthesis, synthesis of new leaves in the spring requires energy |
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Term
| intercell space lined within cells of pine needles that secrete resin |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the features of leaves of evergreen plants. |
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Definition
- reduced surface area
- thick cuticle
- sunken stomata
- hypodermis
- resin ducts
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Term
What are the purposes of resin? |
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Definition
- wound healing
- antifreeze
- deter herbivores
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Term
| layer under the epidermis that provides extra protection from water loss in coniferous plants |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the disadvantage of having reduced leaves in evergreens? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the advantage of having reduced leaves in evergreens?
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Definition
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Term
What features are present in sun leaves? |
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Definition
- more mesophyll layers
- smaller chloroplast
- more chloroplast
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Term
What features are present in shade leaves?
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Definition
- increased surface area
- fewer, larger chloroplast
- sometimes chloroplast in the epidermis
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Term
What is the main selection pressure in tropical rainforests? |
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Definition
| low light in the understory (2-5% reaches it) |
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Term
| What adaptations may understory plants have? |
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Definition
- increased surface area
- pigmented lower epidermis
- epidermal cells that act as lenses to focus light
- thick cuticle
- drip tips
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Term
| plants that live in dry areas |
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Definition
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Term
| What features might plants living in arid environments have? (Name 6) |
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Definition
- stomatal crypts
- multiple epidermal layers
- thick cuticle
- larger epidermal cells
- trichomes
- thick, succulent leaves
- reduced leaf surface area
- leaves replaced with spines
- photosynthetic stems
- CAM photosynthesis
- dormancy during drought
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Term
| What purpose do larger epidermal cells have in arid environments? |
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Definition
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Term
| What purposes do trichomes have in arid environments? |
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Definition
| reflecting light and reducing transpiration |
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Term
| What are caudiciform plants? Where do they store water? |
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Definition
| Caudiciform plants are deciduous xerophytes that store water in a thick base called a caudex. |
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Term
| Why do some xerophytes grow roots only when water is available and shed them when they are no longer needed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two shapes do most cacti have? |
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Definition
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Term
| plants that complete their life cycle in one season in the desert; example: desert wild flowers |
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Definition
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Term
Many cacti have a _________ stem that expands and contracts and can maximize volume for water storage and minimize surface area, and thus transpiration. |
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Definition
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Term
| plants that live in aquatic environments |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the selection pressures in aquatic environments? |
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Definition
- low carbon dioxide concentration
- less light
- lack of oxygen in waterlogged soils, needed for cellular respiration
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Term
| What adaptations do hydrophytes on the surface have? |
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Definition
- lots of inner air spaces for buoyancy
- stomata only on the upper epidermis
- several layers of palisade mesophyll
- stem elongation (lilies)
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Term
What adaptations do submerged hydrophytes have?
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Definition
- thin leaves
- no cuticle
- no stomata
- each cell does its own photosynthesis
- chloroplast within the epidermis
- reduced xylem
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Term
| What are some root modifications to living in aquatic environments? |
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Definition
- prop roots
- porous roots
- aerial roots
- pneumatophores
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Term
| plants that live in salty environments |
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Definition
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Term
| Where might halophytes live? |
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Definition
| deserts, agricultural zones, coastal areas |
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Term
| What are the main selection pressures in salty environments. |
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Definition
- losing water from roots to soil
- risk of taking up sodium instead of potassium
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Term
| What strategies do halophytes have for dealing with the salty environments? |
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Definition
excluding sodium, excreting sodium from roots, excreting sodium from leaf trichomes, isolating sodium in the vacuoles of leaves |
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Term
| What adaptations do some halophytes have in excluding sodium? |
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Definition
- thick cuticle
- roots that won't absorb sodium
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Term
| Why is it beneficial for halophytes to have a high sodium concentration in their vacuoles? |
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Definition
The high sodium concentration means that there is a lower water concentration within the leaf, and a higher one in the soil, so the absorption of water is greater. |
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Term
| nonparasitic plants that grow on the surfaces of other plants |
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Definition
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Term
| In what kind of soils do carnivorous plants typically exist? |
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Definition
| waterlogged soils with low nitrogen |
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Term
| Name two examples of carnivorous plants. |
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Definition
- pitcher plants
- butterworts
- sundews
- bladderworts
- venus fly traps
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