OF - refers to the planning process

• Role of the client
• how the client is engaged
• how solutions are found
• describes appropriate conduct
• role of planner in society
• political orientation
• Decision making process

IN - refers to the types of planning products

• outcome of the planning process
• successful solutions that can be categorized (smart growth/neighborhood unit theory/etc)
• technical orientation (land use bylaw)
• solutions that can be imported
• describes what is to be built

-car dependent

-mono-use

-income segregation

-land extensive

-lack of community

-social irrationality

-SMART GROWTH

-mixed use/pedestrian friendly

-NEO-TRADITIONAL

-grid street pattern

-NEW URBANISM

-architectural features (ie. front porches/rear garages)

-TRANSIT ORIENTATED DEVELOPMENT

-density around transit nodes

-compact design

-an approach to address current design issues

-conceived as a reaction of suburban sprawl

-suggests city growth should be based upon good planning principles 

-smart growth has become a 'buzz word' and marketing tool for good planning

-unlimited outward growth and leapfrog expansion of low-density development

-large-scale conversion of open space and environmentally sensitive lands to urban use

-lack of choice among housing types

-traffic congestion and traffic air pollution

-costly expansion of infrastructure

-failure to redevelop older neighborhoods

-segregation of land uses causing need for more travel

-limit outward expansion, more compact development and preserve open spaces

-increase residential densities in new and old neighborhoods

-mixed land use and pedestrian friendly design to minimize car use

-new development pays for all costs associated with growth

-emphasize public transit rather than private automobiles

-revitalize older neighbourhoods

-create affordable housing

-reduce unnecessary development obstacles

-more diverse regulations for aesthetics, street layout, and design

Stakeholders and Agendas...

Support for Smart Growth Originates:

NON-GOVERNMENT ENVIRONMENTALISTS

-agenda is to restrict suburban sprawl

-address absorption of open space

-ie Sierra Club and Nature Conservancy

-operate as private lobby groups

URBAN PLANNERS AND LOCAL PUBLIC OFFICIALS

-preserve local fiscal resources and low taxes

-smart growth avoids costly infrastructure construction

-higher densities save on land and infrastructure costs

-close-in sites easier to develop than periphery sites

-influenced by existing homeowners who benefit from rising house prices (supply and demand)

-wish to maintain local autonomy (this inhibits smart growth)

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPERS

-marketing tool

-means to gain regulatory approvals

-respond to market opportunities for mixed-land use

GENERAL CITIZENS

-support is required in democratic society to make change

-support of general citizens is required as other interest groups are small

-general citizens may support principles of Smart Growth but consistently resist implementation

-smart growth development differs from suburban sprawl... thus changes status quo

-future developable land looses value if outward growth is limited

-immediately developable sites rise in value (higher density, reduced land supply

 CHANGES STATUS QUO

-mmost people resist major change

-resist changes when consequences are not forseen

CAUSES UNCERTAINTY

-citizens are accustomed to consequences of sprawl

-unable to foresee consequences of Smart Growth

*change in fundamental arrangement of society is generally difficult

LOSS OF LOCAL AUTONOMY

-most powers for planning reside at local level

-smart growth requires more than local action in metropolitan areas

-unless all local jurisdictions cooperate, suburban sprawl is simply relocated

-transfer of local power to higher levels of government is usually resisted (unless there is a crisis)

INCREASED RESIDENTIAL DENSITY

-most voters own their home

-desire to maintain market value

-reluctant to support development that increases uncertainty (even though value will increase)

-suburban homeowners may be opposed to more suburban sprawl (cost, spaces)

*-hostility towards sprawl is general and abstract versus specific hostility towards changes in neighborhood

INCREASED HOUSE PRICES

-benefit to existing homeowners

-winners outnumber losers

-smart growth and affordable housing may be inconsistent

TRAFFIC CONGESTION

-higher densities of Smart Growth suggest better opportunity for public transit

-wealth and population are more relevant variables for auto ownershp, number of trips per capita and total cars

REGULATORY RED TAPE

-inward expansion results in more 'red tape'

-more detailed and onerous information required to develop in existing areas

-less delay and costs associated with outlying areas

RESTRICTED PROFITS FOR OUTLYING LANDOWNERS

-compact growth reduces land consumption

-land speculation depends upon outward growth

-more vacant land on periphery of cities than interior

DISJOINTED INCREMENTALISM vs REGIONAL PLANNING

-ideological debate between community good and private rights

-socialism vs free market

-government regulation and interference vs short-term self centered thinking

***conclusions for Smart Growth***

-appeal for results, though implementation has less appeal

-senior levels of government must assist/support local government

**critique**

-market rationality vs social rationality

-marketed towards those who can participate in the market

-metropolitan & regional planning

-rural planning

-cultural diversity

-sustainable development

-Areas of common interest (conservation of resources like water)

-Benefits of cooperation (reduced risk, ie firefighting)

 -Economies of scale (reduced costs/greater efficiency ie. 911)

-Reduction of externalities (coordination of land use activities and infrastructure)

**region can be defined as a physical region (ie. watershed) or an Economic Region (ie. service centres, resource development, agriculture)

-Can be Gov services (ie hospitals, schools, and forest management)

*sometimes recognition of regional issues requires a crisis (pop. and dev. growth/development of externalities/sustainability)

*regional planning requires top-down implementation**

-existing institutions.. (fed/prov/munic relationships) (local control is a community value)

-regional planning has no constitutional basis (superimposed by province on local government)

-boundaries are difficult to define (interconnections not always obvious and boundaries overlap)

-non-urban areas less than 10k pop

-is 20% of pop in Canada... 7 million ppl

-Topicas of issues are similar to urban areas, though manifestation of issues are different (ie. topics of: land use, housing, traffic, public facilities, population change, economic development, access to expertise)

-rural planning requires lessons to be learned

-ask questions... planners are not cultural experts

-new world view vs respect for history

-maintain relationships (more impersonal in urban planning)

-observe body language

-humility vs know-it-all

Completely Rural

-resource extraction oriented

 -issues of transportation and services (health/edu)

Rural Recreation

-Dependent upon natural environment as resource

-Evolution from resource extraction

-conflicting values (economic&environmental)

-rising housing costs and population displacement

-seasonal residents (don't want to pay full taxes)

Northern Resource Communities

-issues compounded by remote locations and harsh climate... transport and access to services... usually lots of money (oil)

Aboriginal Communities

-cultural relationshpi with the land/poverty/isolation/lack of housing&services

Scale of Development

-not just scaled down cities

Range of Types of Development

-less variety

-population base insufficient

-improved transportation has diminished many opportunities for variety

Intensity of Development

-low density, land extensive

Pace

-absolute growth vs relative growth

-growth is infrequent and irregular

Population

-consists of elderly long term residents and elderly newcomers (townees vs newbees)

-oxodus of young is permanent

-influx of young/middle aged for employment or recreation (seasonal or permanent)

Economic Development

-Boom (Fort Mac) Collapsed (Newfoundland fisheries), or Recovering (Chemainus... gone from resources to tourism)

-3 founding cultures, aboriginal, english, french

-diversity is recognized as a valued feature (ethnic, religous, household type, gender, etc)

-large amount of immigrants today (Hong Kong, China, India, Italy, etc).. recent ones mostly asian

-before 60s, most immigrants from Europe

-since 70s, most from Asia, Africa, Caribbean, South America

-42% of Toronto population is immigrants

VIDEO- you are not welcome, you are welcome if you be like me, don't take away what I have, let's share..... which one?

MELTING POT

-adopt culture of existing residents

-stability in familiarity

MOSAIC

-accept and maintain distince cultures

-strength in diversity

Evolving Culture

-blend distinct cultures into a new culture

-strength and stability

SEGREGATION

-income, isolation (mother tongue retention, occupational segmentation), 

-can have support groups (medical?)

-disappears by second generaton

-ethnic/cultural villages (ie. Chinatown)

 **segregation is different from Mosaic

HOUSING
-extended families

-monster houses

-sense of community

-sustainability is ill defined, a lip service, and has become a useless term due to overuse

-roots of environmental protection stem from 60s

-in 70s, recognized in conservation of agricultural land

-in 80s, applied to ecological issues (ecological footprint... what is required for your lifestyle)

Definition: Maintenance of an existing system for benefit of present and future generations

Webster: maintain existing system

-became a buzzword in 90s

-sustainable development

-economic sustainability (growth to equilibrium)

-financial sustainability

-social sustainability (maintain social structure)

-cultural sustainability

-sustainable governance

**what do they mean by sustainable?!?! do we want all of these things?

Sustainable urban development means meeting economic, social, cultural, health, and political needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs by:

-minimizing use or waste of non-renewable resources

-sustainable use of renewable resources

-keep waste within absorptive capacity of local and global sinks

-Are urban areas sustainable? (on their own.. obviously not... need to grow food... but on a bigger scale?)

CRITERIA or PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

-Outcome Ranking 

-Development type (high density-imported?/low density - locally grown?)

-Measureable targets (CO2 per capita, km per capita)

***urban areas are connected beyond their boundaries***

-urban theory is NOT planning theory

URBAN THEORY

-describes how and why urban areas develop and change

-ie. Ernest Burgess's Concentraic Growth Theory

-ie. Homer Hoyt's Multi-Nuclei Theory

PLANNING THEORY

-describes how and why public policy is used to influence development and change in urban areas

-ie. Garden City Concept

-ie. City Beautiful Movement

-a set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality for the community that shares them, especially in an intellectual discipline

-ie. city beautiful vs garden city

-ie. global economy vs local economy

Describes the planning process

 -role of the planner

-leads to techniques and tools used in planning

-addresses fundamental view of society and democracy

-who should decide what is best for society?

Paradigms that are Theories OF Community planning:

 -Experiential Holism

-Rationale-Comprehensive Model

-Science of Muddling Through

-Transactive Planning

-Advocacy Planning

***all theories are valid, it just depends on the situation****

-The planner is the expert

-I know everything, so listen to me.... if you really know community well enough, then you can plan on its behalf

-values education, experience, intelligence

-requires fundamental community knowledge

-ie. Patrick Geddes.. Outlook tower & camera obscurra (Edinburgh)

CRITIQUE
-world is too complex for one person to be all knowing

-personal values may be mixed with community values

**is top-down vs bottom-up

-assumes an accepting community

ROBERT MOSES 

-experiential holist from New York

-not elected, but extremely powerful

VALID EXPERIENTIAL HOLISM

-elders of a community

-legitimate leaders with wisdom

-voluntary community acceptance (complex processes/limited resources)

-public safety technocrats (bombsquads... let the experts do it)

-common sense issues (what color to paint traffic signs)

-this is the list from the first class

-two components: rational model (logic) and comprehensiveness

Rationale Model 

-logical decision making... optimization (vs political or ad hoc)

Comprehensive

-Physical, social, economic and environmental

-inclusive rather than piecemeal (experimential holism)

-holistic

**This model requires the setting of goals**

-an ideal or end state

-goals are general and abstract

-results in clear articulation of the community's future

-consistent with democratic processes (clear, transparent, defendable, challengeable)

-allows for debate and discussion among competing interests

CRITIQUE

 -may be overly optimistic (analytical capabilities are limited.... not enough resources and time)(community members may not be altruistic or rationale)

-rationality can be subjective or biased

-value based judgements difficult to deal with (budget for education or roads?)

-urban areas develop largely as a result of market forces with little government intervention (market rationality? social rationality?)

biggest critique: it takes so long to figure it out that it is not worth it... plan can become outdated by the time it is figured out

Charles Lidblom - critique of comprehensive planning

-idea is to muddle through but get the job done (use little information, limited theory, bounded rationality)

**-disjointed incrementalism (ad hoc basis)

-rational/technical approach is not possible (incrementalism and pluralism.. small steps and many decision makers)

-more efficient to only evaluate alternatives that seem practical

-radical new policy difficult to implement (creativity is lost in other methods)

-accurate description of human behavior

-active relationship between planner and client

-planner brings technical knowledge

-client brings persoal knowledge and values

-encourages increased participation

-inter-personal relationships important

-valid communication

-consensus building and collaboration

-it is high on Arnstien's ladder of participation

-mutual learning

-patient listening

-contrary views

-client-driven rather than expert driven

-changing knowledge into action through an unbroken sequence of interpersonal relations

-have to give control to client

-not telling, but asking

-experts don't like it (citizen steering committees)

CRITIQUE

-significant time commitment

-limited number of participants available

-participants must be representative of community

-all parties must be open minded (have ability to learn from each other)

-often used by special interest groups to achieve their agenda

-change strategy with clear focus (aboriginal sisues, environmental stewardship, neighbourhood preservation)

-searches for more equitable power relationships and inclusiveness

-challenges traditional views

-not used by governments

-not necessarily fully representative of populace

-usually challenge traditional views

-builds organizations and networks

-promotes political education (power)

-planning through negotiation

-builds constituenceis (power in numbers)

-strategic process to leverage scarce resources and achieve results

-social change ision

-external to existing power structures

-acknowledges that rationale planning of goals, objectives, alternatives attempts to be seamless an logical

-advocacy planning includes conflict, hidden agendas, different values, and incomplete information

-is action oriented rather than research orientated

Features

-not value neutral: values as important as facts

-not linear: adjustments for opportunities

-not lead by experts, but those with an agenda

-drawns upon and strengthens marginalized sectors

-conflict and negotiation

-valus expertise and experience

1)Organizational Assessment

-resources of members and organization

-vision, mission, strategies

 2)Contextual Analysis

-understanding of political environment

-local power dynamics

-actors and agendas

3)Framing the Issue

-problems identification and possible solutions

-breaking the probleminto manageable parts

-framing the issue to have wider public appeal (other people need to want this too)

4)Long and Short Term Goals

-long term - political, economic, and social change being sought

-short term - desired outcomes for specific solutions

5)Power Mapping

-identify targets, allies, opponents and constituents

-stakeholder interests, positions and conflicts

-reveal hidden mechanisms of power

-essential to panning, negotiating and calculating risks

6)Policy Research

-information of policies, laws, programs, budgets that affect your issue and position

-causes and effects on people

-information for media, lobbying and negotiations

7)Advocacy Objectives

-power maps and policy information allow drafting of objectives

-identify desired changes

-show how people's lives will be improved

8)Activities, Actions, Tactics and Information

-Public participation is highly values

-Arnstein's ladder of participation (contrived participation, token power sharing, to citizen power sharing)

CRITIQUE

-potential abuse by those already holding power

-can create disjointed or incomplete plans

-may constructively raise issues, but not support for alternative changes (can't just say what is wrong, have to suggest a solution)

-loss of objectivity alienates other stakeholders

-may need institutionalization for implementation

-The problem is to distinguish between the two questions:

1)What would we like to achieve?

-community plan

2)How shall we best achieve it?

-police powers (most used)

-taxiation (ineffective)

-subsidy (is it fair?)

-education (long term)

-direct participation (really wanna get it done)

What would we like to achieve? (the community plan)

-Official document that describes community goals and aspirations, and physical growth plans

-is long range and comprehensive

-general policy guide

-interchangeable names (community plan, master plan, general plan, municipal plan, officialplan)

-Typical content related to power of local government (land use, transportation, parks, utilities, future growth directions, financing growth)

-Community plan can exhibit a lack of content (can pertain to non-local issues)

-ie Social Planning (housing), Environmental planning (energy consumption), economic planning (employment)

-some things are a provincial or federal responsability

-can be addressed only peripherally though land use arrangements

Commuity Plan (Implementation Tools)

-Lethbridge as an example

VALUES
-strong diverse economy

-small town atmosphere

-preserve sense of past

-parks, green strips, recreation facilities

-protectio of natural environment... river valley and coulees

-cultural acceptance... justice and equality

-citizen involvement

SCOPE OF GOALS
-Housing

-Economy

-Environment

-Directions of Growth

-Transportation

-Parks/Open Space

Housing (specific)

-wide range of housing

-concentrate growth vs scatter

-more multi-family in central areas

-balance mix and density

-jobs and services in proximity

-affordable

-special needs

-role of city in achieving goals

-what you can and can't do on your property (land use, zoning, infrasturcture)

-you have to pay for infrastructure if you create demand for it

 -if you want to develop, you have to follow city's plans

NEIGHBORHOOD PLANS

-architecural character

-type of land uses

-density of land use

-parking

-infrastructure and Community Services

-redevelopment bonus

-redevelopment levy

-local improvement levy

** when you develop, you pay... not "free market"

SUBDIVISION CONTROL

-refers to the division ofland into smaller parcels to facilitate development

-condominiums

-results in multiple ownership

-control powers are described in municipal government act

-mixture of Provincial and Municipal regulations

-typical regulations (road and utility/lot sizes/park and school dedication/enviornmentally sensitive lands/construction of infrastructure services/impact fees or off-site levies)

-typical process(application information/reiew by staff/decision by official body/opportunity for appeal)

 SUBDIVISION CONSTRUCTION

-typical process (service agreements/bonding/construction standards/warranty period)

LAND USE CONTROLS
-rules and regulations concerning development of private land (zoning of land use classification/development control)

-primarily used to constrain development (land use/building size/parking requirements/landscaping/signs)

-main purpose is to protect neighbors from externalities

-adopted as a bylaw

-restricts property rights, therefore, decision processesare very public (rezoning/development decisions/development appeals)

IE.- river valley area redevelopment plan in Lethbridge..... don't build so close... don't water... etc

BONUS/INCENTIVE SYSTEM

-daycares,architectural style,public art.... (something you do)

-get extra floor space, extra density (deal with city)

TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS
-sensitive lands/heritage buildings (trading with city)

EXPROPRIATION

-eminent domain - private property can be acquired (despite objection of owner) if deemed to be in public interest (used sparingly, requires compensation, mutually negotiated sale is preferrable).. this has been abused.

Taxation (implementation tools)

-imposing penalties to modify behaviour

 (ie. alcohol and cigarettes)

-not used effectively in community planning

-municipal taxes represent 1-2% of capital value of property (hardly anything)

-fairness & equity

-providing financial incentiv to reward desired behaviour

-how large of a subsidy is required to induce desired behaviour?

-who funds the subsidy?

- Financial capacities of municipalities are limited (revenue sources/fairness and equity)

-things like affordable housing grants, social housing programs, mortgages, downtown improvement, historical preservation, transportation capital grants, infrastructure capital grants, special one-time allocations, land purchase and sales)

NEIGHBORHOOD IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM-

-gederal government program of mid-70s

-purpose to maintain and improve older neighbourhoods

-upgrades to community facilities

-westminster pol and community centre

RESIDENTIAL REHABILITATION AND ASSISTANCE PROGRAM

-associated with NIP

-directed towards improving Canada's existing housing stock

-grants and low interest loans for specific improvements (roof, heating, windows, wiring)

Education (as planning implementation tool)

-ideal way to achieve planning goals.... sllooww process

-open houses

-seminars

-workshops

-newsletters

-awareness programs

-professional journals

-sponsorship of research

-media campaigns

-pilot projects

Direct Participation (as planning implementation tool)

-if you really want something to happen, do it yourself

-ie. water cleaning facilities... isn't privatized.. city just does it

-same with roads

-evidenced with real estate investment..... want someone to move... buy them new land.

-move houses, build sidewalk around tree

Canada Land- first dibs on redevelopment

-recreation facilities

-economic development promotion

-book by Sarah James and Torbjorn Lahti

-based upon ecological principles

-healthy earth is prerequisite to healthy society

-recognition that urban solutions required

 (physical and behavioural/facilities and programming)

-avoids black hole of economic, social, cultural and governance sustainability

FOUR CONDITIONS:

ONE

-nature is not subject to systematically increasing concentratios of substances extracted  from the earth's crust

-must eliminate our community's contribution to fossil fuel dependence and to wasteful use of scarce metals and minerals

TWO

-nature is not subject to systematically increasing concentrations of substances produced by society (chemicals)

-must eliminate our community's contribution to dependence upon persistent chemicals and wasteful use of synthetic substances

 THREE

-nature is not subject to systematically increasing degradation by physical means

-must eliminate our community's contribution to encroachment upon nature (ie land, water, wildlife, forests, soil ecosystems)

FOUR

-Humans needs are met world wide

-ust meet human needs fairly and efficiently

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

-psychology guy

-divindes needs between psychic income and monetary needs

-must fulfill monetary needs first... ie. physical comfort (food, clothing, shelter), and then security needs (from economic and physical danger)

-only then can we try for social acceptance (love, togetherness, teamwork), personal esteem (honor, job, importance), and finally self realization (fulfillment of potential)

-Radical Change is Required!

-alternative energy!

-local production and consumption!

-comunal transportation systems!

-level of technology and resulting impact on environment... think about it.

APPROACHES
-Planning for Watersheds

-Planning for rural land resources

-Planning economic development in resource regions

-Planning for large urban regions (metropolitan)

WHAT THEY HAVE IN COMMON

-deals with large areas

-concerned with the location of activities and resource development

-scope includes social, economic, and environmental factors

-regions have no constitutional basis

***the biggest problem with regional planning is determining boundaries

-regional planning often involves compromise between governments units 

-approach to determining boundaries in regional planning

-draws upon the emerging field of bioregionalism, which is not a specific planning paradigm so much as an "action-oriented movement based on ecological principles"

-it rejects existing political units i favour of contiguous, mappable geographic regions, based on similarities of topography, plant/animal life, culture, and economy.... ie watersheds.

-form of regional planning that deals explicitly with the growth and expansion of a major city on which the region is usually focused

-usually involves several municipalities

-revolves around "contradictory requirement" ie. provding a minimum need for comuting but maximum possibility for commuting.

-basis was end of WWII, when population was booming.

1)completely rural (harvesting.. long settled)

2)rural recreation regions (also resource-dependent, but considered desirable for tourism)

3)city's countryside (small town communities caught up in urban expansion)

4)northern resource regions (lie north of other resource regions.. diamonds, nickel, oil... small settlements widely dispersed)

5)aboriginal rural regions (sparse populations... special relation b/w inhabitants and the land)

2)Size

3)Density

4)Vacant Land

5)Commercial Development

6)Built Environment issues

7)Water Supply

8)Traffic and Roads

9)Care of Environment

10)Social Development

11)Population Ageing

12)Population Cleavages

13)Population Decline and Migration

14)Economic Development Issues

-rural communities waning planning can get help from either PROVINCIAL or REGIONAL sources

1)Scale of development (ackgnowledge smallness)

2)Range of types of development (seldom a large variety... though different from area to area)

3)Intensity of development (small towns do not have large areas covered with the same kind of development or highly concentrated activities)

4)Pace of development (percentage rates of growth are poor indicators, better to look at actual development)

5)Agricultural Land development 

-contends that a planner would be acting rationally by following three general steps :

1)consider all the possible alternative sources of action

2)identify and evaluate all of the consequences following from the adoption of each alternative

3)to select the alternative that would most likely achieve the community's most valued objectives

later changed to 5 steps..

1)identify the problem/goals

2)design alternative solutions or courses of action to solve problems

3)compare and evaluate the alternatives with each other + /w predicted consequences

4)develop a plan of action

5)maintain the plan on a current and up-to-date basis

-this form of planning is considered to be holistic

-though it claims to be rational, the approach is more one of 'bounded rationality'.... as the approach is still constrained and limited by knowledge, culture, and values.

ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS

-external (provincial/national level)

-internal (these forces determing most of the land use arrangements and the physical character of the community (in contrast to external forces, which affect its economic composition and vitality). This is done through the forces of supply and demand).

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS

-vales:

1)quality of the natural environment

2)importance of the historical features of the community

3)needs and concerns of women

4)increasing ethnic diversity of the population

PUBLILC INTEREST DETERMINANTS

-provision of water and sewer systems, design and allignment of roads, allocation of park space.

-interest of community as a whole

goal- an ideal, a condition, or a quality to be sought in the community's built environment. It might be, for instance, to provide a maximum of access to the waterfront for all members of the community.

objective - something that the community seeks to attain; it is more like a target that can be measured and reached and monitored. While the nature of a goal is general or abstract, that of an objective tends to be specific and concrete.

policy- the preferred course of action to be followed in achieving an objective or goal. At its root, policy is about choices made by or on behalf of people; it is the course of action the local government thinks will be most acceptable to the diverse interests of the community.

derive from dichotomies:

1)neighbourhood/city (final outcom of planning occurs at the neighborhood level of a community, thus, judgements arise regarding the status of the values of people in local areas against those of the entire community... NIMBY)

2)Natural/Built Environment (protectinv ecological sites may remove valuable land from development but may also enhance the ambience nearby development)

3)Long Range/Short Range (as time frame increases, the degree of accuracy of predicitons decreases)

4)Ameliorative/Developmental (the nature and pace of change may either be forced on a community by external circumstances or be sought by a community to achieve a certain environmental quality; either direction is a normal source of debate)

5)Fact/Value (establishing the facts of trends, conditions, and impacts relevant to planning actions is different from establishing the social objectives of what might be done through community planning)

-while planning ends, implementation is continuous

-two basis dimensions of implementation:

1)guide development on private land (a)presently developed areas, and b)vacant or undeveloped areas)

2)coordinate public development efforts

-around these dimensions have developed tools such as zoning, development control (both presently developed land), and subdivision (vacant land)

-include zoning, development control, and redevelopment plans

ZONING

-developped because areas of industry, commerce, and residences seem to perform their respective functions more effectively when conregated

-first known as districting, then zoning

-attempts to tacle isses related both to function (noxious effluents of industry, traffic of commerce), also related to aesthetics of building height, space between them, distance fom the roadetc.

REDEVELOPMENT PLANS

-occurs 1)in older areas of a community that deteriorate without benefit of rejuvenation and 2) when inadequate or incompatible development takes place in the fringe areas of community, despite zoning regulations.

-under this plan, the community can intervene directly in private propety and,indeed, removing orreplacing buildings

-redevelopment plans must coincide with goals of overall community plan

 -in alberta, called "aera redevelopment plan", in ontario "community improvement plan"

-typically occurs in older, blighted, highdensity "slum-like" areas in large cities

SUBDIVISION CONTROL

-consists of the authority of the community to approve any plans for splitting up land for development to ensure that such plans meet local standards for health, safety, and convenience.

1)Specified process (in order to protect the rights of owners to subdivide their land, the process of applying for approval is specified... ie. time it will take, fill out form, etc)

2)Plan Circulation (draft plan is circulated broadly for comment and recommendation, due to the fact that a plan may affect the interests and activities of a wide array of agencies)

3)Conditions For Approval (the subdivider is considered responsible for the provision of teh roads, parks and public utilities necessary to serve the subdivision. Since they ultimately come under sommunity ownership, it is necessary to specify how they shall be paid for and the standards to which they will be built)

4)Subdivision Agreement (signatures)

5)Final Plan (final approval)

Policy Tools for Influencing Development

-"this is the route we should be taking, and this is how we  should travel it"

FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT INCENTIVES

- grants/low-interest loans

STATUTORY TOOLS

-Building Regulations (municipalities have the power to regulate the construction of buildings within their jurisdiction. The reason for this is to ensure that new buildings and the reconstruction of older buildings will not endanger the health, safety, or general welfate of the public.... buildings require building permits.... occupancy permits are also often required)

-Expropriation (constitutional power of eminent domain... municipalities derive the power to obtain land needed for community purposes. Most often used for road widening purposes, park space, etc)

-Development Charges/Property Tax 

 -a community plan may aim to improve specific functions within a community

-increased trafic may need to be accommodated, sewage systems may need to be upgraded, and affordable housing may be in short supply

-based on improvements

-different from redevelopment

1)achieving environmental integrity and sustainability (simultaneous economic growth, environmental protection, and social justice/equity. Conflicts arise, such as property conflicts between economic growth and social justice, developement conflicts, between environmental protection and social justice, and resource conflict, between economic growth and environmental protection.)

2)addressing housing, homelessness, poverty

-gentrification results in displacement of poor renters

-conversion to condominiums, same results as with gentrification

-redevelopment... current dwellings may be completely withdrawn from the housing market.

3)responding tothe senior's surge

-improved healthcare, baby boomers

4)fulfilling citizen participation

 -get them involved!

5)reflecting multicultural realities

-asian immigrants are reshaping cultural identities of Canadian communities

-cannot make cultural assumptions!

6)retrofitting the suburbs

 -fix the energy inefficient areas that promote social anomie an gender discrimination.

-fix sprawl

7)responding to fear and safety

 -many citydwellers fear crime

8)planning for healthier communities

-physical, mental, emotional, and economic health

-sprawl = obesity?