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Definition
relationships between one organism and another |
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relationship in which both partners benefit |
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relationship in which one partner benefits and the other is unaffected |
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relationship in which one partner benefits and the other is harmed |
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Definition
microorganisms found on the body of a healthy individual. protect against harmful microbiota and stimulate immune system |
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Definition
an organism that causes disease in an otherwise healthy person |
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quantitative term referring to a pathogen's disease causing ability |
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Definition
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when colonized organisms have a parasitic relationship with their host |
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Definition
an infection that causes characteristic signs and symptoms |
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Definition
initial disease that may cause the host to be prone to other diseases |
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Definition
additional infection resulting from primary infection |
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Definition
A disease that can be transferred from person to person |
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Definition
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Definition
time between introduction of organism to onset of symptoms |
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Definition
follows incubation; individual experiences symptoms of disease |
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Definition
recuperation and recovery; infection may still spread |
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Definition
rapid onset, lasts short time |
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Definition
symptoms develop slowly and persist |
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Definition
infection limited to small area |
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Definition
never really goes away, becomes reactive |
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Term
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Definition
agent has disseminated or spread throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
viruses circulating in blood |
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Term
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Definition
acute life threatening illness caused by infectious agents circulating in blood |
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Term
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Definition
toxins circulating in blood |
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Term
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Definition
•The microbe must be present in every case of disease
•Must be pure culture from diseased host
•Same disease must be produced in susceptible experimental host
•Must be recovered from experimental host
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Term
Molecular Koch's postulates |
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Definition
–Virulence factor—gene or products should be found in pathogenic strain
–Introduction of cloned virulence gene should change non-pathogenic strain to pathogenic strain and disrupting virulence gene should reduce pathogenicity
–Virulence genes must be expressed during disease
–Antibodies and immune cells against virulence gene should be protective
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Term
Mechanism of pathogenicity |
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Definition
mechanism used to overcome immune response |
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Term
how does ingesting toxins cause disease? |
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Definition
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Term
how does colonization on surface of host followed by toxin production lead to disease? |
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Definition
organism multiplies on host surface then interferes with cell function |
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Term
how does invasion of host tissues cause disease? |
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Definition
microbes penetrate barriers and multiply in tissues; generally can avoid macrophages |
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Term
how does invasion of host tissues followed by production of toxins cause disease? |
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Definition
penetration of host barriers with addition of toxin production |
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Term
what kind of virus is HIV? |
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Definition
ribonucleic acid virus; can only be seen by electron microscope |
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Term
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Definition
RNA virus that is replicated in the host cell via enzyme reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from an RNA genome |
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Definition
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B cells antibodies against HIV |
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Definition
cannot act upon virus hidden in T lymphocytes |
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what causes death in HIV patients |
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Definition
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why is it difficult to develop vaccines against hiv? |
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Definition
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Term
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Azidothymidine, inhibits multipication |
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Definition
many places/spreads rapidly (hiv IA or IB) |
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Definition
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Definition
Cameroon and Gabon (has not spread much) |
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Term
social and global effects of HIV |
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Definition
reduces life expectancy, cripples life expectancy |
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Term
causative agent of sleeping sickness |
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Definition
trypanosoma (highly pathogenic, death in 4 to 6 months) |
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Term
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Definition
swelling of cervical lymphnodes |
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Term
vector that transmits sleeping sickness to humans |
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Definition
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Term
why is sleeping sickness hard to control |
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Definition
hard to control tsetse fly; treatment requires toxic drugs given intravenously |
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Term
drugs for sleeping sickness |
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Definition
pentamidine, suramin, and melarsopol |
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Term
causative agent of river blindness |
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Definition
onchocerca volculus (worm common in Africa) |
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Term
vector of river blindness worm |
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Definition
transmitted by black fly simulium damnosum |
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Term
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Definition
juvenile stages of river blindness worm |
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Term
how does microfilaria cause blindness in sleeping sickness patients? |
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Definition
microfilaria migrate into eyes invading cornea and retina. body's inflammatory response causes partial loss of vision |
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Term
what is the proof that guinea worm disease was around in ancient egypt? |
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Definition
calcified worms in mummies |
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Term
how do humans become infected by guinea worm? |
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Definition
juvenile worms ingested by small shrimp called water flea, humans drink raw contaminated water w/ flea in it |
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Term
what is the role of stomach gastric juice in the development of guinea worm? |
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Definition
gastric juices digest water fleas, freeing the worms |
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Term
how is guinea worm currently treated? |
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Definition
no drug treatment is available for this infection. the only treatment is by extracting worms or surgery |
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Term
focus of guinea worm eradication program |
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Definition
sanitation (passing water through filters) |
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Term
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Definition
first step in colonization and infection, pathogen attaches to host cells to avoid being removed |
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Term
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Definition
establishment to a site of reproduction of microbes on an entity, not necessarily resorting in tissue invasion |
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Term
type III secretion systems |
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Definition
mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens transfer gene products directly into host cells |
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Term
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Definition
poisonous chemical substance |
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Term
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Definition
lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of a gram negative bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
toxic protein produced by a microorganism (often simply referred to as a toxin) |
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Definition
damage to nervous system, major symptom is paralysis |
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Definition
damages intestines and tissues of digestive tract |
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Definition
damage to variety of cells; interference with cell function |
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Definition
discovered the first antibiotic salvarsan |
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Term
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Definition
chemical used as a therapeutic mediacation |
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Term
antimicrobial drug or agent |
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Definition
chemical used to treat microbial infection |
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Term
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Definition
antibiotics chemically altered to add new characteristic |
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Term
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Definition
chemical produced by molds or bacteria that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms |
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Term
broad spectrum antimicrobials |
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Definition
inhibits or kills wide range of organisms |
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Term
narrow spectrum antimicrobials |
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Definition
inhibit or kill limited range of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
agents acting together to produce a greater effect than produced individually |
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Term
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Definition
antimicrobial therapy, combination where the actions of one interferes with the actions of the other |
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Term
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Definition
combination is neither synergistic or antagonistic |
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Term
adverse effects of antimicrobial agents |
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Definition
allergic reactions, toxic effects (aplastic anemia), supression of the normal microbiota |
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Term
minimum inhibitory concentration |
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Definition
lowest concentration of a specific antimicrobial drug needed to prevent the growth of a bacterial strain in vitro |
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Term
minimum bactericidal concentration |
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Definition
lowest concentration of a specific antimicrobial drug that kills 99.9% of cells of a given strain of bacterial in vitro |
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