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Plagues and Pestilence Final
Final Exam
80
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2009

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
symbiosis
Definition
relationships between one organism and another
Term
mutualism
Definition
relationship in which both partners benefit
Term
commensalism
Definition
relationship in which one partner benefits and the other is unaffected
Term
parasitism
Definition
relationship in which one partner benefits and the other is harmed
Term
normal microbiota
Definition
microorganisms found on the body of a healthy individual. protect against harmful microbiota and stimulate immune system
Term
pathogen
Definition
an organism that causes disease in an otherwise healthy person
Term
virulence
Definition
quantitative term referring to a pathogen's disease causing ability
Term
opportunist
Definition
Term
infection
Definition
when colonized organisms have a parasitic relationship with their host
Term
disease
Definition
an infection that causes characteristic signs and symptoms
Term
primary infection
Definition
initial disease that may cause the host to be prone to other diseases
Term
secondary infection
Definition
additional infection resulting from primary infection
Term
communicable disease
Definition
A disease that can be transferred from person to person
Term
infectious dose
Definition
Term
incubation period
Definition
time between introduction of organism to onset of symptoms
Term
phase of illness
Definition
follows incubation; individual experiences symptoms of disease
Term
convalescence
Definition
recuperation and recovery; infection may still spread
Term
acute disease
Definition
rapid onset, lasts short time
Term
chronic disease
Definition
symptoms develop slowly and persist
Term
localized disease
Definition
infection limited to small area
Term
latent disease
Definition
never really goes away, becomes reactive
Term
systemic disease
Definition
agent has disseminated or spread throughout the body
Term
viremia
Definition
viruses circulating in blood
Term
septicemia
Definition
acute life threatening illness caused by infectious agents circulating in blood
Term
toxemia
Definition
toxins circulating in blood
Term
Koch's postulate
Definition

The microbe must be present in every case of disease
Must be pure culture from diseased host
Same disease must be produced in susceptible experimental host
Must be recovered from experimental host

Term
Molecular Koch's postulates
Definition

Virulence factor—gene or products should be found in pathogenic strain
Introduction of cloned virulence gene should change non-pathogenic strain to pathogenic strain and disrupting virulence gene should reduce pathogenicity
Virulence genes must be expressed during disease
Antibodies and immune cells against virulence gene should be protective

Term
Mechanism of pathogenicity
Definition
mechanism used to overcome immune response
Term
how does ingesting toxins cause disease?
Definition
foodborne intoxication
Term
how does colonization on surface of host followed by toxin production lead to disease?
Definition
organism multiplies on host surface then interferes with cell function
Term
how does invasion of host tissues cause disease?
Definition
microbes penetrate barriers and multiply in tissues; generally can avoid macrophages
Term
how does invasion of host tissues followed by production of toxins cause disease?
Definition
penetration of host barriers with addition of toxin production
Term
what kind of virus is HIV?
Definition
ribonucleic acid virus; can only be seen by electron microscope
Term
retrovirus
Definition
RNA virus that is replicated in the host cell via enzyme reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from an RNA genome
Term
HIV target
Definition
T4 cells
Term
B cells antibodies against HIV
Definition
cannot act upon virus hidden in T lymphocytes
Term
what causes death in HIV patients
Definition
opportunistic infection
Term
why is it difficult to develop vaccines against hiv?
Definition
rapid rate of mutation
Term
AZT
Definition
Azidothymidine, inhibits multipication
Term
origin of HIV I
Definition
many places/spreads rapidly (hiv IA or IB)
Term
origins of HIV II
Definition
west Africa
Term
HIV O
Definition
Cameroon and Gabon (has not spread much)
Term
social and global effects of HIV
Definition
reduces life expectancy, cripples life expectancy
Term
causative agent of sleeping sickness
Definition
trypanosoma (highly pathogenic, death in 4 to 6 months)
Term
winterbottom's sign
Definition
swelling of cervical lymphnodes
Term
vector that transmits sleeping sickness to humans
Definition
tsetse fly
Term
why is sleeping sickness hard to control
Definition
hard to control tsetse fly; treatment requires toxic drugs given intravenously
Term
drugs for sleeping sickness
Definition
pentamidine, suramin, and melarsopol
Term
causative agent of river blindness
Definition
onchocerca volculus (worm common in Africa)
Term
vector of river blindness worm
Definition
transmitted by black fly simulium damnosum
Term
microfilaria
Definition
juvenile stages of river blindness worm
Term
how does microfilaria cause blindness in sleeping sickness patients?
Definition
microfilaria migrate into eyes invading cornea and retina. body's inflammatory response causes partial loss of vision
Term
what is the proof that guinea worm disease was around in ancient egypt?
Definition
calcified worms in mummies
Term
how do humans become infected by guinea worm?
Definition
juvenile worms ingested by small shrimp called water flea, humans drink raw contaminated water w/ flea in it
Term
what is the role of stomach gastric juice in the development of guinea worm?
Definition
gastric juices digest water fleas, freeing the worms
Term
how is guinea worm currently treated?
Definition
no drug treatment is available for this infection. the only treatment is by extracting worms or surgery
Term
focus of guinea worm eradication program
Definition
sanitation (passing water through filters)
Term
adherence
Definition
first step in colonization and infection, pathogen attaches to host cells to avoid being removed
Term
colonization
Definition
establishment to a site of reproduction of microbes on an entity, not necessarily resorting in tissue invasion
Term
type III secretion systems
Definition
mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens transfer gene products directly into host cells
Term
toxin
Definition
poisonous chemical substance
Term
endotoxin
Definition
lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of a gram negative bacteria
Term
exotoxin
Definition
toxic protein produced by a microorganism (often simply referred to as a toxin)
Term
neurotoxins
Definition
damage to nervous system, major symptom is paralysis
Term
enterotoxin
Definition
damages intestines and tissues of digestive tract 
Term
cytotoxins
Definition
damage to variety of cells; interference with cell function
Term
first antibiotic
Definition
discovered the first antibiotic salvarsan
Term
chemotherapeutic agent
Definition
chemical used as a therapeutic mediacation
Term
antimicrobial drug or agent
Definition
chemical used to treat microbial infection
Term
semisynthetic
Definition
antibiotics chemically altered to add new characteristic
Term
antibiotic
Definition
chemical produced by molds or bacteria that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms
Term
broad spectrum antimicrobials
Definition
inhibits or kills wide range of organisms
Term
narrow spectrum antimicrobials
Definition
inhibit or kill limited range of bacteria
Term
synergistic
Definition
agents acting together to produce a greater effect than produced individually
Term
antagonistic
Definition
antimicrobial therapy, combination where the actions of one interferes with the actions of the other
Term
additive
Definition
combination is neither synergistic or antagonistic
Term
adverse effects of antimicrobial agents
Definition
allergic reactions, toxic effects (aplastic anemia), supression of the normal microbiota
Term
minimum inhibitory concentration
Definition
lowest concentration of a specific antimicrobial drug needed to prevent the growth of a bacterial strain in vitro
Term
minimum bactericidal concentration
Definition
lowest concentration of a specific antimicrobial drug that kills 99.9% of cells of a given strain of bacterial in vitro
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