Term
| Embryologically, the anterior pituitary is derived from ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Embryologically, the posterior pituitary is derived from ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus promote |
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Definition
| oxytocin and vasopressin release |
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Term
| What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus do? |
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Definition
| receives input from retinal ganglia cells, controls circadian rhythm |
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Term
| What does the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus do? |
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Definition
| Projects via the median eminence to control the anterior pituitary |
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Term
| What hypothalamic nuclei project through the medial forebrain bundle? What kind of information is carried? |
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Definition
Paraventricular and dorsomedial nuclei, lateral and posterior hypothalamus
descending autonomic fibers |
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Term
What does the Ventral Lateral Preoptic Nucleus (VLPO) of the hypothalamus do?
What can lesions of this cause? |
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Definition
VLPO inhibits arousal to keep you in non-REM sleep, using histamine neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus and orexin neurons in the posterior lateral hypothalamus
Lesions in the VLPO cause insomnia |
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Term
| What do lesions of the posterior hypothalamus cause? |
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Definition
| Hypersomnia/ Narcolepsy due to inability to produce orexin (hypocretin) |
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Term
| What chemicals (2) act on the hypothalamus (and where are they produced) to stimulate or suppress appetite? |
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Definition
Leptin: produced in adipose tissue, binds to Ob receptors in hypothalamus to reduce appetite
Grehlin: produced in gastric mucosa, binds to hypothalamus to stimulate appetite |
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Term
| What happens with lesions to the lateral vs medial hypothalamus? |
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Definition
Lateral hypothalamus lesion= decrease appetite and lose weight
Medial hypothalamic lesion (ventromedial nucleus)= gain weight |
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Term
What parts of the hypothalamus act on thermoregulation (2) and in what ways?
- What happens in lesions to these |
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Definition
Anterior hypothalamus (medial preoptic nucleus) detects increased body temperature and acts to lower it
Posterior hypothalamus conserves heat (lesion causes poikilothermia in which body temperature varies with environment) |
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Term
| Name 3 actions of the anterior hypothalamus |
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Definition
- Promotes sleep
- Senses and promotes thirst
- Senses heat and acts to lower body temperature |
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Term
| Name 2 actions of the posterior hypothalamus |
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Definition
- Acts to conserve heat
- Promotes wakefulness (orexin/hypocretin) |
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Term
| Name 1 action of the lateral hypothalamus |
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Definition
| increases appetite (makes you grow laterally) |
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Term
| Describe cerebral salt wasting vs SIADH |
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Definition
Cerebral salt wasting (polyuria, normal ADH, tx with giving volume)
SIADH (oliguria, high ADH, treat with fluid restriction) |
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Term
| Steps of the perforant pathway of the hippocampus (7) |
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Definition
| Entorhinal cortex -> Granule cells of the dentate gyrus give off mossy fibers -> CA3 pyrimidal cells -> Schaffer collaterals to CA1 pyrimidal cells and the fornix ->subiculum -> fornix -> entorhinal cortex |
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Term
| Steps of the Alvear pathway of the hippocampus |
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Definition
| Entorrhinal cortex -> CA1 and CA3 pyrimidal cells -> subiculum |
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Term
| Name the 3 nuclei of the amygdala and what each does |
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Definition
Corticomedial nucleus: olfaction and appetite
Basolateral nucleus: diverse connections to cortex, thalamus
Central nucleus: autonomics |
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