Range of Normal

Maintenance of a relatively constant range environment within the body

Agent responsible for producing Stress:

Threatens Homeostasis

Response to stress

2 things

Hormone adjustments

General Adaptation Syndrome

General Adaptation Syndrome

3 phases

Alarm

Resistance

Exhaustion

Alarm Phase of General Adaptation Syndrome

What is happening?

Hormones? dominant and supporting?

Resistance Phase of General Adaptation Syndrome

What is happening?

Hormones? dominant and supporting?

GOALS: Conserve glucose for neural tissue, elevate blood glucose concentrations,

Conserve salts and water(aldosterone)

Mobilize lipid/protein reserves,

PROBLEMS: Glucocorticoids: anti-imflamitory, suppress healing and immune system

Conservation of fluids: high BP

Depletion of Lipid Reserves: tear down structural proteins

Dominant Hormone: Glucocorticoids(Cortizol)

Supporting Hormones: ADH, Renin, Thyroid, Growth Hormone(synthesis of proteins) Epi

Resistance Phase:

What happens when stess lasts and alarm phase is gone?

How long afterwards?

More than few hours

Dominant Hormone:

Glucocorticoids are antinflamitory:

 Supporting Hormones:

ADH, Renin, Thyroid, GH, Epi

Mobilize lipid and protein reserves to conserve glucose for neural tissues

Exhaustion Phase of (Adrenal Gland) General Adaptation Syndrome

What is happening?

Collapse of Vital Systems

Exhaust lipid reserves

Inability to produce glucocorticoids: not enough for brain

Failure of elecrolyte balance: store Na+ but not K+ 

Cumulative structural or functional damage to vital organs

ADRENAL EXHAUSTION

Stress Related Disorders:

a.4

c.2

d.1

e.2

g.1

h.1

m.2

s.2

u.1

Asthma, alcoholism, anxiety, arrhythmias

cardiovascular disease, cancer

drug abuse eating disorder

endrocrine disorders

GI disorders

hypertension

migraines, muscular tension

sleep difficulties, skin disorders

ulcers

Prostiglandins:

what they do

Congenital

(cannot be combined with ?)

Present at birth

Acquired

Acquired

(cannot be combined with ?)

Developed during lifetime

Congenital

Degenerative

(Extrinsic or Intrinsic)

Progressive loss of normal structure and function: i.e. Old age and athletes

INTRINSIC

Progressive loss of normal structure and function:

i.e. Old age and athletes

Immunologic

(Extrinsic or Intrinsic)

Abnormal immune response: AIDS: ALLERGIES

INTRINSIC

Abnormal immune response:

AIDS: ALLERGIES

Metabolic

(Extrinsic or Intrinsic)

Abnormal body chemistry

INTRINSIC

Nutritional

(Extrinsic or Intrinsic)

Abnormal dietary intake or nutrient use

INTRINSIC

Related to psychological state

INTRINSIC

Infections: defined

(Intrinsic or Extrinsic)

Etiologoy?

Chemicals, drugs, toxins

Ex or IN

Etiology

Environmental agents:

 kinds?

in or ex

Fence Sitters on Dotted line:

The cells are not normal or abnormal the are STRESSED

Cellular injury: defined

x2

Cellular Adaptations

x4

neither normal or abnormal

reversible if stressor is removed

often temporarily successful

may lead to cell injury or death

What cells cannot divide?

x3

Types of Hyperplasia

x3

Compensatory: i.e. if only one kidney, the other becomes hyperplasic

Hormonal: i.e. pregnancy

Pathalogic: i.e Prostate. not good

only one kidney, for the good

the other one becomes hyperplasic

Physiologic Hyperplasia defined and examples

which ones?

x2

Good and normal hyperplasia:

compensatory and Hormonal

Pathalogic Hyperplasia defined and examples

x1

the REVERSIBLE replacement of one cell type by another in response to a particular stress or stimuli:

i.e. trachea and smoking ORDERLY

the REVERSIBLE replacement of one cell type by another in response to a particular stress or stimuli:

smoking and trachea

type of injury

duration of injury

severity of injury

type of cell

cell's current health

cell's adaptability

Severity: mild, moderate, severe

Time frame: acute, subacute and chronic

Distribution: focal/local, multifocal, systemic/generalized

hypoxic injury;

free radicals

chemical injury

tissue trauma

Free radicals: where do they come from?

4 examples

UV light,

xrays,

oxidative runs,

normal metabolism

lipid break down:

cell walls Protein "polypeptides" breakdown:

alteration of DNA

Vit E and C:

help eliminate free radicals

Chemical agents:

injure cell membranes and structures,

block enzymatic pathways,

coagulate cell proteins,

disrupt somotic and ionic balance

carbon tetrachloride: dry cleaning carbon monoxide:

Binds to hemoglobin and O2 cannot

Alcohol: created ethenolacetylaldhide