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Definition
The basic reaction cells carry out during aerobic metabolism.
Glucose+oxygen-->h2o+carbon dioxide+ATP
Gases enter and leave the cell by diffusion, driven by pressure gradients, but for large animals like us, it is impossible to expose all of our cells to the surrounding air, so there must be bulk flow, breathing. |
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| The area across which gas diffusion occurs. The surace depends on rapid diffusion so it must be made of living cells, be kept moist (gases dissolve in water), and surface area must be maximized, and distance minimized. |
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Definition
Foreign particles must be trapped and eliminated before they reach the lung tissue.
Cells lining the air way secrete mucus, which traps particles. They are then moved out by cilia (mucus elevater) and swallowed.
Infections and toxins can cause mucus build up leading to runny noses and coughs. |
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| inflamation of the plural membranes |
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| Spongy elastic tissues located in the thoracic cavity |
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The lungs are surrounded by two membranes
- One coats the lungs
- The other coats the inside of the thoracic cavity
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Fluid filled area between the plueral membranes.
Fluid acts as a lubricant and adhesive
Surface tension keeps the lungs attached to the interior of the body wall |
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| When the surface tension fails and the lung recoils away from the body wall. |
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Tiny sacs that make up the respiratory epithelium.
They are completely covered in blood vessels called pulmonary capillaries.
The pulmonary capillaries drop of CO2 and pick up O2.
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| Patrol the lungs and eat any foreign particles that were brought in with the air. |
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| Reduce the effects of surface tension within the alveoli, preventing their collapse and easing their inflation during breathing. |
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| Thin sheet of muscle that forms a floor beneath the lungs. When it contracts, it pulls this floor downward. |
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| The rib cage expands upward and outward due to the musculature between the ribs known as intercostal muscles. |
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| Since the lungs are attached to the walls of the thoracic cavity, activity of the intercostals and diaphragm change the size of the lungs and thus the pressure. |
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The gas around us is 21% O2, less than 1% CO2, and 79% N2. The atmospheric pressure is 760. So, the partial pressure of oxygen is 160.
760 x .21 = 160 |
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Term
| Partial Pressure Gradients |
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Definition
Gases will diffuse according to their own pressure gradient.
Pulmonary capillaries bring blood in close proximity to the alveoli. Gases will move into and out of the blood according to their own partial pressure gradients.
Venous blood: Po2=40, PCo2=45
Alveolar Air: Po2=100, PCo2=40
Arterial blood: PO2=100, P Co2=40
Body Tissue, Po2=20-40, PCo2=45 |
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Definition
Blood plasma by itself could never carry enough o2 to keeps an animal happy (.3 per 100 ml)
Repiratory pigments are complex protiens found in the blood with a metal ion that reversibly binds oxygen.
Hemoglobin as a respiratory pigment that binds Fe and oxygen. |
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Term
| The Oxyhemoglobin Dissassosiation Curve |
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Definition
Plots the percent of hemoglobin bound to oxygen on the y axis and the po2 on the x. When the partial pressure of O2 is from 60-100% the HBO that is saturated in Co2 remains high.
After 20-60, the HBO with oxygen drops steeply. |
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Definition
| Under excertion, PCo2 rises, and blood pH falls. This is the bohr shift. It causes a conformational change in Hb so that its affinity for oxygen decreases and it releases more oxygen in to the blood. |
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Definition
7% Co2 is dissolved in the plasma
23% of Co2 is bound to deoxyhemoglobin (carbamino acids)
70% of Co2 is present as bicarbonate |
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Definition
| An enzyme that converts co2 in the red blood cells to bicarboate. An H+ is also formed. |
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Definition
| Amino groups on the Hb also bind Co2 to form carbamino groups. |
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Term
Minimizing pH shifts in the blood
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Definition
The binding/assosiation of oxygen to Hb causes liberation/binding of a proton. THe proton (H+) combines with bicarbonate to form co2 and water.
In the tissues, the proton release from bicarbonate formation binds to Hb, allowing the assosiated oxygen to be released.
The binding and dissasosiation of protein helps to minimize pH shifts in the blood. |
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Definition
Chemoreceptors monitor pco2, p02 and ph.
Peripheral Chemoreceptors and located in the aorta and the carotid arteries (monitoring blood that leaves the heart and enters the brain)
Central Chemoreceptors in the medulla monitor the cerebral spinal fluid.
These chemoreceptors monitor stimulate or inhibit respiratory centers according to the changes in the blood and cerebral spinal fluid. |
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| Inhalers give you corticosteroids, which trick the body in to thinking they are corticohormones which reduce swelling. |
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| The one liter of air that never leaves your lungs. |
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