1: you cannot create matter/energy or destroy it. everything is a conversion

2. order towards disorder (entropy) and without putting energy into a system it falls apart

what is homeostasis and how is it attained?

relatively constant internal environment that is attained by integrated organ/organelle system functions.

What molecules/ions are involved in the following processes?

1. pH maintenance

2. Salinity maintenance

1. CO2 and H+

2. H2O, Na+, K+, Cl-

Organ Systems

1. Digestive:  energy extraction

2. Respiratory System: exchange of O2/CO2 and pH reg

3. Cardiovascular: circulation of O2/CO2/ions/biomolecules

4. Renal: kidneys flush blood through. All body fluid composition and pH regulation

Control Systems

1. Nervous: electrochemical signals

2. Endocrine: hormone signals

1. Cope w/ variations in the external environment

-oxygen levels in mountains, salinity in the ocean, temperature

2. Function at variable activity levels

being able to change your metabolic rate is more efficient.

-cheetahs don't need to use all their energy when they're just dicking around, but they're going to need when they're hungry.

steno refers to narrow

eury refers to broad

ex. something that is stenohaline means that it can handle only a narrow range of salinities.

something that is euryhaline can hangle a broader range of water salinities

conformance: physiological variable state conforms to environmental values

regulation: the physiological state remains approximately constant over a range of enviro variable values

Regulated Physiological Variable

variables that remain roughly constant aroung a physiological set-point

What is systolic blood pressure?

diastolic blood pressure?

systolic: max BP at heart contraction

diastolic: min BP right before contraction

acute: initial, short term changes in the physiology of organisms soon after they are exposed to a new environment. this is a reversible response.

chronic: long term changes in the physiology of an organism after they've been in an evironment for awhile.

Negative Feedback: difference in the RPV state and set point is decreased.

(RPV-PSP=O)

Positive Feedback: the difference between the RPV-PSP=+ or -#

Negative Feedback

1. trait variation: there has to be more than one trait in a population

2. fitness variation associated with the trait variation: one trait should be more beneficial than the other(s)

3. heretibility of trait: must be genetic phenotypes with an associated genotype that can be passed down to offspring

sum total of all biochemical reactions

1. anabolism

2. catabolism

anabolism: condensation reaction

catabolism: hydrolysis reaction

1. bodily bulk growth

2. enzyme formation

3. Energy storage

anabolism: ↓E compound to ↑E compound

catabolism: ↑E compound to ↓E compound

glycogenesis              gluconeogenesis

glycogen←←←←←glucose←←←←←←pyruvate

glycogen→→→→→glucose→→→→→pyruvate

glycogenolysis               glycolysis

1. Biosynthesis: chemical energy stored in body tissues

2. Maintenance:the major organ systems for example Breathing.

3. Generating external work (movement)

1. Chemically (the chemical bonds in waste: CO2 and urea)

2. Heat

3. External work (movement)

H2N

      \

                            CH---COOH

    /

R

nonpolar

aromatics

+charge

-charge

polar uncharged

1. ionic bonds

2. hydrogen bonds

3. regions of hydrophobia

4. van der Waals interactions

exergonic reactions ultimately release energy

endergonic reactions build energy

Gibbs free energy decreases in exergonic reactions

Gibbs free energy increases in exergonic reactions

Lock and Key

Induced fit

What is Km?

What does a low value for Km imply?

Michaelis Constant

[Substrate] at which 1/2 the active sites are occupied.

a lower Km means a higher attraction between the active site and substrate

enzyme specificity

enzyme affinity

an enzyme that works for only one reaction is considered highly specific

enzyme affinity is the strength of electrostatic attraction between and enzyme and it's substrate

How do the following enzymes prefer their pH?

blood enzyme

intracellular enzyme

pepsin

trypsin

7.4

7.3

pepsin is a gastric enzyme: 2.0

trypsin is a pancreatic enzyme: 8.0

The stomach is highly acidic and has a representively low pH.

As the acidic material moves out of the stomach and into the duodonem, it needs have a higher pH so as to not damage the tissue of intestines.

The pancreas, which is attached to the outside of the duodonem, is highly basic so it can send buffers into the duodonem in an attempt to higher the pH of the duodonem.

43-45C or 112F

a protein, 2nd messenger or excess product that either activates or deactivates a enzyme allosterically

On its way to becoming pyruvic acid glucose becomes the intermediate Fructose-6-phosphate. F6p must be converted to Fructose-1,6-diphosphate as a precursor to becoming pyruvate.

The enzyme phosphofructokinase catalyzes the reaction from F6p to          F1-6dp. Citrate allosterically inhibits PFK. AMP allosterically activates PFK.