Term
| how do the first and second laws of thermodynamics relate to our definition of physiology? |
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Definition
law: 1. you cannot create/destroy matter/energy. everything is a conversion
2. order towards disorder (entropy) and w/o putting E into system...it all falls apart.
physiology: study of internal, dynamic mechanisms through which an organism attains homeostasis.
these dynamic mechanisms CONVERT matter and E. they keep the body away from etropy or equilibrium |
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Term
| rank in order the energy allocation among body processes in an organisms life history. |
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Definition
| growth, tissue maintenance, reproduction, E storage |
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Term
| in terms of biomolecules, rank the major molecule types in terms of their relative mass in a human. |
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Definition
proteins (most)
lipids
minerals
nucleic acids
carbohydrates
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Term
| how does lactate fermentation effect plasma pH? |
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Definition
| each time a molecule of lactate is formed, so is am H+ |
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Term
| how are the structure of pyruvate and acetyl coA related |
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Definition
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Term
| what two molecules recieve amine groups as a result of transamination? what do they become? |
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Definition
oxaloacetate, and pyruvate
they become alanine and aspartic acid |
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Term
| what can actyl-coA be converted into? |
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Definition
cholesterol-->hormones
ketones
fatty acids
citrate |
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Term
| what is the breakdown of the 3 main compartments of body fluid? |
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Definition
intracellular/cytosolic: 63%
interstitual: 30%
blood plasma: 7% |
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Term
| what organs produces the vast majority of body heat? (put them in order) |
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Definition
liver, skeletal, brain, heart
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Term
| what are top four organs in terms of 02 consumption |
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Definition
| heart, kidney, brain, liver |
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Term
Explain how glucose transport channels of skeletal muscle differ from the glucose channels of brain and liver cells.
What about the glucose and small intestine relationship? |
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Definition
Skeletal muscles get glucose from cappilaries which send out their glucose with insulin: Cotrasport
Brain and liver cells get glucose from glucose transporters that are continually working during feeding
Glucose into small intestinal walls=sodium/glucose symport |
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Term
| what's the change in insulin in comparison the the eating process? |
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Definition
| high insulin levels during digestions to immediately lower blood glucose levels. (insulin stores glucose). as digestion comes to an end we see a decrease in insulin secretion. |
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Term
| first messenger v. second messenger |
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Definition
first messengers come from outside a cell
second messengers are inside the cell already |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone secreted by adrenal medulla |
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Term
| what type of feedback results from glycogenolysis? |
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Definition
many PKA (which would indicate a NEED to break apart glycogen) results in:
1. + feedback of glycogen phosphorylase which cuts up glycogen into glucose
2. - feedback of glycogen synthetase which makes glycogen
-feedback of the phosphorylase that make gdp->gtp |
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Term
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Definition
| one hormone allows another to have it's full effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| two hormones have similar effect |
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Term
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Definition
| two hormones have opposite effects |
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Term
| what does glucagon do for glycogenolysis? |
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Definition
| glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are low. this increases the production of glycogenolysis. |
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Term
| two types of synergistic effects and and example |
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Definition
permissive: one hormone enhances the effect of another
ex. cortisol enhances epinephrine and glucagon
complimentary: you need 2+ hormones to get something done
milk secretion needs cortisol, estradiol, oxytocin, prolactin |
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