Term
| what are the four types of first messengers? |
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Definition
1. autocrine: chemical signal that links local and similar cell types
2. paracrine: chemical signal that links two local and dissimilar cell types
3. endocrine: chemical that travels in the blood and links two distant and dissimilar cell types
neurocrine: aka neurotransmitters, chemical that links a neuron to another neuron or effector |
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Term
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Definition
electrical/ionic communication through gap junctions in two adjacent cells
contraction of cardiac and smooth muscles results from syncytiums |
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Term
| types of autocrine agents |
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Definition
| cytokines and growth factors |
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Term
| describe the most common cytokine function |
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Definition
macrophages ingest something they percieve as an antigen
this causes the macrophage to release a type of cytokine called monokine (Interleukin 1)
IL 1 signals for Helper T-cells to come from the lymphnodes
Helper T cells stimulate the release of IL2, 4,5 and 6
IL2.4 and 5 stimulates formation of either cytotoxic or suppressor T cells
IL4, 5 and 6 induce B-cell production
B Cells are modified into plasma cells secrete antibodies that can neutralize antigens
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Term
| what are lymphokines and what are the types of them? |
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Definition
they are cytokines released by the lymphocytes
1. IL 2-6
2. interferons (antiviral proteins)
3. granulocyte-monocyte stimulating factor |
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Term
when are cytokines produced? |
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Definition
ONLY when needed for immune response |
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Term
| granulocyte? what's it produced by? |
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Definition
type of white blood cell
produced by the lyphokine, which is a type of cytokine, called th granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor. |
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Term
| what is a growth factor? what is the most common example? |
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Definition
GFs induce cell growth and differentiation
ex. neurotrophins neurons influenced by neurotrophin grow and develop. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what causes inflammation? |
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Definition
| tissue irritaion/bacterial invasion |
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Term
| body response to tissue irritation |
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Definition
irritation increases basophil (WBC) production
WBCs make and release histamine
histamine causes 1. arterioles to dialite and increase blood flow
2. capillary and venules to increase permeability to allow fluid to get to the site of irritation
in this fluid is: WBC and antibodies and interstitual fluid |
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Term
| what molecule does histamine come from? how is it modified in order to become histamine? |
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Definition
comes from histidine
decarboxylated |
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Term
| body response to bacterial infection |
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Definition
bacterial invasion causes increase in mast cell production
mast cells have granules (like basophils) that produce histamine, bradykinin and cytotoxic t-lymphocytes (CT) around blood vessels
CT cells kill bacteria and brady kinin increases blood flow and circulatory permeability which allows tissue to be flooded with WBC, ISF and antibodies |
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Term
| what type of molecule is bradykinin? |
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Definition
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Term
PG
where are they produced?
where was the first one discovered?
how are they produced? |
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Definition
prostaglandins
produced in most cells
first discovered in prostate secretions
come from phosphoacylglycerol, then modified to arachidonic acid, then modified to the PG
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Term
| what are PGI2 and PGE2? what do they do? |
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Definition
they are types of prostaglandins
dialate bronchioles and arterioles
increase capillary permeability
pain/fever response
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Term
| afferent neurons v. efferent neurons |
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Definition
afferent neurons relay sensory signals to the central nervous system
efferent neurons carry off sensory signals from the CNS |
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Term
describe the nervous system response (generally) to some deviation from a physiological set point.
use these words: sensory receptor, afferent pathway, integrator, interneuron, efferent pathway, effector, +/- feedback |
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Definition
1. stimulus fucks up physiological set point
2. sensory receptor (type of neuron) feels this change and sends message on an afferent pathway to the nervous system
3. the afferent message is accepted by an interneuron which converts it to an efferent message (away from central nervous system) which can be in the form of a hormone or just sent via neuron
4. an effector (what is EFFECTED by the signal) alters its activity
5. some effectors cause + feedback which increases the intensity of this whole process to do it MORE. other effectors cause -feedback slowing the response down or stopping it all together. |
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Term
| describe, VERY generally the endocrine function |
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Definition
endocrine cell/gland secretes hormone into near by capillary
hormone travels into larger vessels and into a capillary near the target cell
released out of that capillary and sticks onto receptor molecules on the target cells. |
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Term
what are steriods derived from?
solubility of steroids?
what do they do? |
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Definition
cholesterol
water/plasma INsoluble
plasma membrane soluble
they initiate protein synthesis in target cells |
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Term
| where are hormones produced? |
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Definition
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
what is the most common intermediate between cholesterol and steroid?
what steroids are derived from this molecule?
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Definition
pregnenolone
testosterone, corticol, aldosterone |
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Term
corticoid
most common corticoid and its purpose |
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Definition
type of steroid from adrenal cortex that reduces immuno response.
aldosterone is a mineralcorticoid. mineralcorticoids act on mineral metabolism. aldosterone helps kidney to reabsorb Na+ into the blood keeping blood pressure constant
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Term
glucocorticoids
three types |
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Definition
steroid that can RAISE level of blood sugar by stimulating gluconeogenesis in liver
also ANTI-inflammatory response
cortisone, cortisol, corticosterone |
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Term
sex steroids
what are they?
what are the main types?
where are they made?
what do they do? |
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Definition
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