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physiology
neural tissues
86
Pharmacology
Professional
10/20/2009

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Term
two kinds of cells in neural tissue
Definition
neurons and neuroglia (glial cells)
Term
____ are cells that send and receive signals
Definition
neurons
Term
____are cells that support and protect neurons
Definition
neuroglia (glial cells)
Term
what are the organs of the nervous system?
Definition
brain, spinal cord, sensory receptors (eyes, ears, etc) and nerves
Term
what are the 2 anatomical divisions of the nervous system?
Definition
central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Term
_______ consists of the spinal cord and brain; contains neural tissue, connective tissues, and blood vessels
Definition
CNS
Term
the functions of the CNS are to _____ and _____
Definition
process and coordinate - sensory data (from inside and outside the body), motor commands (control skeletal muscles and activities of peripheral organs), higher functions of brain (intelligence, memory, learning, emotion)
Term
_____ includes all the neural tissue outside the CNS
Definition
PNS
Term
what are the functions of the PNS?
Definition
to deliver sensory info to the CNS (afferent) and carry motor commands from the CNS to the peripheral tissues and systems (efferent)
Term
nerves are also known as ____ ____
Definition
peripheral nerves
Term
nerves are bundles of ______ with ____ tissues and blood vessels
Definition
axons; connective tissue
Term
______ carry sensory info and motor commands in the PNS
Definition
nerves
Term
_____ nerves connect to the brain
Definition
cranial
Term
____ nerves attach to the spinal cord
Definition
spinal
Term
2 divisions of the PNS
Definition
afferent division and efferent division
Term
what does the afferent division of the PNS do?
Definition
carries SENSORY info from PNS sensory receptors TO THE CNS
Term
what is the function of the efferent division of the PNS?
Definition
carries MOTOR commands FROM CNS to PNS muscles and glands
Term
in afferent division: _____ detect changes or respond to stimuli; contain neurons and specialized cells; include complex sensory organs
Definition
receptors
Term
in afferent division: _____ respond to efferent signals; are in cells and organs
Definition
effectors
Term
the efferent division of the PNS contains two systems
Definition
somatic nervous system and auntonomic nervous system
Term
what does the somatic nervous system of the efferent division of the PNS do?
Definition
controls skeletal muscle contractions: voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) muscle contractions
Term
what does the autonomic nervous system of the efferent division of PNS do?
Definition
controls subconscious actions: contractions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and glandular secretions; two divisions- sympathetic and empathetic
Term
________ division of the ANS has a stimulating effect
Definition
sympathetic
Term
_____ division of the ANS has a relaxing effect
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
____ are the basic functional units of the nervous system
Definition
nerves
Term
what are the characteristics of a multipolar neuron?
Definition
it's common in the CNS; has a cell body (soma); short, branched dendrites; long, single axon
Term
what are the major organelles of the cell body of a neuron?
Definition
large nucleus and nucleolus, perikaryon (cytoplasm), mitochondria, RER and ribosomes, cytoskeleton (includes neurofilaments, neurotubules, and neurofibrils)
Term
____ is the cytoplasm of the cell body of a neuron
Definition
perikaryon
Term
in neurons, RER and ribosomes:
Definition
produce peptide neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and enzymes
Term
___ are bundles of neurofilaments that provide support for dendrites and axon of neuron
Definition
neurofibrils
Term
_____ _____ are dense areas of RER and ribosomes; make neural tissue appear grey (grey matter)
Definition
Nissl bodies
Term
____ are highly branched parts of neurons that have spines, many fine processes, receive info from other neurons, and make up 80-90% of the neuron surface area
Definition
dendrites
Term
_____ is the long part of the neuron that carries the electrical signal (action potential) to the target cell; is critical to function of neuron
Definition
axon
Term
structure of axon: _____ is cytoplasm of axon; contains neurotubules, neurofibrils, enzymes, organelles
Definition
axoplasm
Term
in axons: ______ are a specialized membrane that covers the axoplasm
Definition
axolemma
Term
-lemma suffix means
Definition
membrane
Term
in axon: ____ is the thick section of the cell body; attaches to the initial segment
Definition
axon hillock
Term
in axon: _____ attaches to the axon hillock
Definition
initial segment
Term
____ are branches of a single axon
Definition
collaterals
Term
_____ are fine extensions of distal axon
Definition
telodendria
Term
____ ____ are the tips of telodendria
Definition
synaptic terminals
Term
______ is the area where a neuron communicates with another cell
Definition
synapse
Term
the synapse: _____ is the cell that sends a message
Definition
presynaptic cell
Term
the synapse: _____ is the cell that receives the message
Definition
postsynaptic cell
Term
the synapse: ____ ____ is the small gap that separates the presynaptic membrane from the postsynaptic membrane
Definition
synaptic cleft
Term
the synapse: _____is the expanded area of an axon of a presynaptic neuron; contains synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters
Definition
synaptic knob
Term
________ are chemical messengers
Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
______ are released at the presynaptic membrane
Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
_______ affect receptors of the postsynaptic membrane
Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
________ are broken down by enzymes and reassembled at the synaptic knob
Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
what happens during axoplasmic transport?
Definition
raw materials are transported via neurotubules within the axon between the cell body and synaptic knob; powered by ATP in mitochondria and kinesin and dynein
Term
____ is the synapse between 2 neurons
Definition
neuroneuronal junction
Term
____is the synapse between a neuron and muscle
Definition
neuromuscular junction
Term
___ is the synapse between a neuron and a gland
Definition
neuroglandular junction
Term
3 types of synapses
Definition
neuroneuronal junction, neuromuscular junction, and neuroglandular junction
Term
_____ _____ are bags of neurotransmitters
Definition
synaptic vesicles
Term
4 classifications of neurons
Definition
anaxonic, bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar
Term
where are anaxonic neurons found?
Definition
brain and sense organs
Term
where are bipolar neurons found?
Definition
in special sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose)
Term
where are unipolar neurons found?
Definition
in sensory neurons of PNS
Term
where are multipolar neurons found?
Definition
in the CNS; includes all skeletal muscle motor neurons
Term
characteristics of an anaxonic neuron
Definition
small; all cell processes look alike; no distinct axon
Term
characteristics of a bipolar neuron
Definition
small, one dendrite and one axon
Term
characteristics of unipolar neurons
Definition
have very long axons, fused dendrites and axon, cell body is to one side
Term
characteristics of multipolar neurons
Definition
have very long axons, multiple dendrites, one axon, MOST COMMON
Term
three functional classifications of neurons
Definition
sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons
Term
______ neurons are the afferent neurons of the PNS (carry info to CNS)
Definition
sensory
Term
_____ neurons are the efferent neurons of the PNS (carry info to skeletal muscle and effector organs)
Definition
motor
Term
______ neurons are "association neurons" (carry info between sensory and motor neurons)
Definition
interneurons
Term
______ sensory neurons monitor the internal environment (IT, blood vessels, heart)
Definition
visceral
Term
____ sensory neurons monitor effects of external environment (skeletal muscles and tendons, skin, joints)
Definition
somatic
Term
__________ _______ are unipolar; cell bodies are grouped in sensory ganglia (clumping of cell bodies); processes (afferent fibers) extend from sensory receptors to CNS
Definition
sensory neurons
Term
3 types of sensory receptors
Definition
interoceptors, exteroceptors, proprioceptors
Term
sensory receptors: ______ monitor internal systems (digestive, respiratory, cardio, urinary, reproductive) and internal senses (taste, deep pressure, pain)
Definition
interoceptors
Term
sensory receptors: ________ have external senses (touch, temp, pressure) and distant senses (sight, smell, hearing)
Definition
exteroceptors
Term
sensory receptors: _______ monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)
Definition
proprioceptors
Term
_______ neurons carry instructions from the CNS to the peripheral effectors via efferent fibers (axon)
Definition
motor
Term
two major efferent systems of motor neurons
Definition
somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic (visceral) nervous system (ANS)
Term
______ includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles
Definition
Somatic nervous system
Term
____ _____ neurons run from brain to spinal cord
Definition
upper motor
Term
___ ___ neurons run from spinal cord to skeletal muscle
Definition
lower motor
Term
_____ _____ neurons of the ANS innervate peripheral effectors such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue
Definition
visceral motor neurons
Term
autonomic motor neurons: signals from CNS motor neurons to visceral effectors pass synapses at autonomic ganglia that divide axons into:
Definition
preganglionic and postganglionic fibers
Term
interneurons are located in:
Definition
brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglia between sensory and motor neurons
Term
interneurons are responsible for:
Definition
distribution of sensory info and coordination of motor activity
Term
interneurons are involved in higher fxns such as:
Definition
memory, planning, learning
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