Term
| Describe the hypothalamus. |
|
Definition
| A region at the base of the brain that regulates autonomic functions secretes hormones that which mostly regulate secretory activity of the pituitary gland. |
|
|
Term
| What 2 ways does the hypothalamus control secretions of the pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
-Releasing hormones
-Inhibiting hormones |
|
|
Term
| What are the 7 hormones of the anterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
-Growth Hormone (GH)
-Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
-Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-Prolactin
-Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
-Luteinizing hormone (LH)
-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of growth hormone. |
|
Definition
| Essential for growth; stimulates bone and soft tissue growth; regulates protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
Definition
| Stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). |
|
Definition
| Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of prolactin. |
|
Definition
| Stimulates development of breasts and milk secretion by the mammary glands. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in males and females. |
|
Definition
Females- Stimulates growth and development of ovarian follicles, estrogen secretion.
Males- Stimulates sperm production by the testis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in males and females. |
|
Definition
Females- Stimulates ovulation and secretion of estrogen and progesterone
Males- Stimulates testosterone secretion by the testis |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)
-Oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin). |
|
Definition
| Decreases urine output by the kidneys; promotes constriction of blood vessels (arterioles) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of oxytocin in males and females. |
|
Definition
Females- Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection by mammary glands
Males- Function is unknown. |
|
|
Term
| What 3 ways is the endocrine system controlled by a negative feedback system. |
|
Definition
-Regulation of hypothalamus corticotropic releasing hormone(CRH).
-Thyroid hormones
-Metabolites or Ions |
|
|
Term
| Describe the negative feedback loop by the regulation of Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH). |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus (releases) -> CRH which causes the -> anterior pituitary to release ACTH which -> causes the adrenal cortex to release cortisol which -> causes a target cell response. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the negative feedback loop by thyroid hormones. |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus -> (releases) TRH hormone which -> causes the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH which -> causes the thyroid gland to secret thyroid hormone which -> causes a target cell response. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the negative feedback loop by metabolites or ions. |
|
Definition
Metabolites :
High blood glucose is monitored by beta cells of pancreas. High blood glucose causes -> beta cells of pancreas to release insulin which -> causes the cells to absorb glucose which -> lowers blood glucose levels
Ions:
High Blood potassium levels are monitored by the adrenal cortex. High blood potassium causes -> adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone which -> causes the kidneys to excrete potassium out of the body which -> causes the blood potassium levels to drop |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the pineal gland. |
|
Definition
| Releases melatonin which regulates biological rhythms according to day-night cycles. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the thymus gland. |
|
Definition
| Releases thymosin which stimulates proliferation and function of T lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the thyroid gland. |
|
Definition
Secretes thyroid hormones and calcitonin.
Thyroid hormones- Increase basal metabolic rate
Calcitonin- Promotes calcium deposition in bone and lowers blood calcium levels. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of C cells. |
|
Definition
| Cells located in the thyroid gland that secrete calcitonin. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands. |
|
Definition
| Releases mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)-> stiumulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by kidney tubules, glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone)-> raise blood glucose levels and androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione) ->promotes sex drive. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands. |
|
Definition
| Releases epinephrine which stimulates fight or flight response. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the pancreas. |
|
Definition
| Releases insulin -> lowers blood glucose levels, glucagon -> raises blood glucose levels and somatostatin -> inhibits secretion of pancreatic hormones. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function the male gonads (testes). |
|
Definition
| Releases androgens (testosterone, androstenedione) -> secondary sex characteristics. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of female gonads (ovaries) in non-pregnancy state. |
|
Definition
| Releases estrogens (estradiol)-> development of secondary sex characteristics and progestins (progesterone) -> prepares uterus for pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the placenta (female gonads during pregnancy). |
|
Definition
| Releases chorionic gonadotropin, estrogens, progesterone which maintains corpus luteum.. |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things control hormone secretions. |
|
Definition
| Neural signals, humoral signals (works on a negative feedback loop) and circulating levels of hormones(works on a negative feedback loop). |
|
|
Term
| Describe how neural signals controls hormone secretions. |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus can be stimulated by upper levels of neural control such as response to stress. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how humoral signals control hormone secretions. |
|
Definition
Hypothalamus/pituitary monitor circulating levels of hormone and make appropriate adjustments if levels change.
Specific glands monitor circulating levels of ions and metabolites and make appropriate adjustments if levels change. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 hormone interactions? |
|
Definition
| Antagonism, Additive, Synergism and Permissiveness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When one hormone opposes the actions of another hormone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indicates that the effect of 2 hormones is simply the sum of the effects of each hormone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Effects of 2 hormones favor each other but the net effect exceeds the sum of individual effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 hormone is needed for another hormone to exert its actions. |
|
|
Term
| Describe function of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH). |
|
Definition
| Increases melanin secretion in epidermis. |
|
|
