Term
| A 20-year-old male college student has recently finished a Thanksgiving dinner of heroic proportions while home for the holiday weekend. Which of the following phenomena would most likely have produced his sensation of satiety |
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Definition
| Cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 suppress the hunger impulse. |
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Term
| A 20-year-old male who is addicted to crystal methamphetamine has been admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of protein-calorie malnutrition after many months of inadequate food intake. Which of the following treatment plans would the care team most likely favor |
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Definition
| Incremental feeding combined with vitamin and mineral supplementation |
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Term
| A 24-year-old woman undergoing a premarital screening test is found to have elevated levels of AST, ALT, and IgG, but no antibody-specific markers for viral hepatitis. A liver biopsy reveals inflammation and cellular damage. Which of the following treatments is most likely to be effective for her |
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Definition
| Corticosteroids and immunosuppressant drugs |
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Term
| A 29-year-old female has been admitted to the emergency department following a suicide attempt by overdose of acetaminophen. What changes in the patient's liver and diagnostic results would the care team most likely anticipate |
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Definition
| Centrilobular necrosis evidenced by increased ALT and AST levels |
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Term
| A 40-year-old female has been categorized as being obese, with a BMI of 33.2. Which of the following health problems is the patient at a significantly increased risk for compared with individuals with a BMI below 25 |
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Definition
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Term
| A 42-year-old female patient with a long-standing history of chronic nausea and vomiting but a near-insatiable appetite has had her symptoms attributed to an enzyme deficiency. Further diagnostic testing indicates that she has inadequate pancreatic enzyme levels and that her large appetite is due to a lack of enzyme control of food intake inhibition. In which of the following enzymes is the woman most likely deficient |
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Definition
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Term
| A 43-year-old male patient has presented to the emergency department with vomiting that he claims is of sudden onset. The patient also states that the emesis has often contained frank blood in the hours prior to admission. Which of the following potential contributing factors would the care team first suspect |
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Definition
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Term
| A 43-year-old male who is 5 feet 10 inches tall and weighs 216 pounds has been informed by his nurse practitioner that his body mass index (BMI) is 31. Which of the following clinical conclusions based on these data would his nurse be most justified in rejecting |
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Definition
| The patient is borderline obese but is not yet at the point of significantly increased risks to health. |
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Term
| A 48-year-old woman has been diagnosed with extrahepatic cholestasis following a thorough history, ultrasound, and blood work. Which of the following symptoms most likely caused her to seek medical treatment, and what consequences of her health problem would the medical team anticipate |
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Definition
| Pruritus with consequences of deficient levels of fat-soluble vitamins |
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Term
| A 51-year-old male professional is in the habit of consuming six to eight rum and cokes each evening after work. He assures the nurse practitioner, who is performing his regular physical exam, that his drinking is under control and does not have negative implications for his work or family life. How could the nurse best respond to the patient's statement |
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Definition
| "When your body has to regularly break down that much alcohol, your blood and the functional cells in your liver accumulate a lot of potentially damaging toxic byproducts." |
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Term
| A 55-year-old man has been diagnosed with a hiatal hernia, in which the function of the lower esophageal sphincter is compromised. Which of the following consequences of this condition is most likely |
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Definition
| Protrusion of the stomach or regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus |
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Term
| A 71-year-old male has been recently diagnosed with a stage III tumor of colorectal cancer and is attempting to increase his knowledge about his diagnosis. Which of the following statements about colorectal cancer demonstrates a sound understanding of the disease |
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Definition
| "While diet is thought to play a role in the development of colorectal cancer, the ultimate causes are largely unknown." |
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Term
| A 79-year-old male resident of a long-term care facility has contracted Clostridium difficile and is experiencing consequent diarrhea. Auscultation of the man's abdomen indicates hyperactive bowel sounds. What processes in the man's small intestine are most likely accompanying his current status |
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Definition
| Inflammation is accompanied by an increase in peristaltic movements of his small intestine. |
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Term
| A female neonate has been in respiratory distress since delivery and is unresponsive to oxygen therapy. Endoscopy has confirmed a diagnosis of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF). Which of the following explanations should the care team provide to the infant's parents |
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Definition
| "We will have to perform surgery to correct the hole in her throat to make sure that she is able to swallow and breathe normally." |
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Term
| A gastroenterologist is teaching a group of nurse practitioner students about the enteric nervous system in preparation for a consultation on a patient who has suffered a spinal cord injury. Which of the physician's teaching points is most accurate |
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Definition
| "The enteric nervous system is made up of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses; these are located in the wall of the GI tract." |
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Term
| A male patient complaining of chronic cramping, bloating, and diarrhea has been determined to have a deficiency in brush border enzymes within his small intestine. Which of the following meals or snacks is most likely to exacerbate the patient's signs and symptoms |
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Definition
| Roast beef and a baked potato |
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Term
| A nurse practitioner is providing care for a male patient with a long-standing hiatal hernia. Which of the following statements most accurately captures an aspect of the pathophysiology of hiatal hernias |
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Definition
| If esophageal acid clearance is impaired, esophagitis can result. |
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Term
| After several months of persistent heartburn, a 57-year-old female patient has been diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Which of the following treatment regimens is likely to best address the woman's health problem |
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Definition
| Proton pump inhibitors, avoiding large meals, and remaining upright after meals |
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Term
| As a result of oral ingestion of the microorganisms, an individual has contracted H. pylori. Which of the following health problems is the individual now at increased risk for |
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Definition
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Term
| As part of the intake protocol at an eating disorders clinic, an interview precedes a physical examination. Which of the following s would a clinician be justified in excluding from an intake interview for a 16-year-old female referred by her pediatrician for the treatment of anorexia nervosa |
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Definition
| "Have you had any episodes of shortness of breath in the recent past |
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Term
| Cheryl has celiac disease. Which diet should you place her on |
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Definition
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Term
| Chronic anxiety and stress contribute to ulcers. Which of the following effects of the sympathetic nervous system is most responsible for this effect |
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Definition
| Inhibition of the actions of Brunner glands |
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Term
| David has an acute exacerbation of Crohn's disease. Which of the following lab tests would you expect to be decreased |
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Definition
| Vitamins A, B complex and C levels |
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Term
| For several years, a 39-year-old female has been averaging two to three bottles of wine each night after her children go to sleep, and has included several ounces of brandy in recent years as well. Despite negative consequences to her career and the dissolution of her marriage, her drinking continued and now has culminated in a diagnosis of cirrhosis. Which of the following physical manifestations of the health problem would her care team anticipate |
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Definition
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Term
| The mother of a 19-week-old infant has brought her baby to a nurse practitioner for assessment because of the baby's persistent weight loss and diarrhea. An intestinal biopsy has confirmed a diagnosis of celiac disease, and the child's mother is anxious to know what caused the disease. Which of the following aspects of the etiology of celiac disease would underlie the explanation that the nurse practitioner provides |
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Definition
| An inappropriate T-cell mediated response results in increased levels of antibodies and an inflammatory response. |
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Term
| Which of the following patients is most clearly displaying the signs and symptoms of IBD |
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Definition
| A 51-year-old male who states that his stomach pain is in his lower abdomen, "comes and goes," and "feels more like a cramp than a dull ache." |
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Term
| Which of the following patients on a hospital medical unit is most clearly demonstrating the signs and symptoms of liver failure |
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Definition
| A 44-year-old man with low hemoglobin levels, low platelet levels, and spider angiomas |
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Term
| Which of the following statements best captures an aspect of the process of fat digestion and absorption |
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Definition
| Simple forms of fats are absorbed in the upper jejunum. |
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Term
| While on tour, a 32-year-old male musician has presented to the emergency department of a hospital after a concert complaining of severe and sudden abdominal pain. He admits to a history of copious alcohol use in recent years, and his vital signs include a temperature of 38.8°C (101.8°F), blood pressure of 89/48 mm Hg, and heart rate of 116 beats per minute. Blood work indicates that his serum levels of C-reactive protein, amylase, and lipase are all elevated. Which of the following diagnoses would the care team first suspect |
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Definition
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