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| In a chemical equation A+B <--> C+D, which of the chemicals would be termed the reactant(s) |
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| The Sum of the thousands of chemical reactions that occur within the body is called_____ |
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Definition
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| The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called ___. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a _____. |
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| Chemical reactions that involve the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids that produce water as a byproduct are called ____ reactions. |
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| Chemical reactions that involve the breaking of a phosphate bond are called ____ reactions. |
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Definition
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| Oxidation reactions are broadly defined by the involvement of oxygen because_____. |
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Definition
| oxygen tends to pull electrons very readily. |
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Term
| The kinetic energy of a molecule can be increased by _____. |
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Definition
| increasing its temperature |
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Term
| The energy that is stored within an object for later use is referred to as ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| When an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is at equilibrium,____ |
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Definition
| there is no net change in the amount of reactants or products |
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| Molecules must have sufficient potential energy to overcome the ____ and, thereby< allow the reaction to proceed. |
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Definition
| activation energy barrier |
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| As the energy requirted to overcome the activation energy barrier increases, the reaction rate will ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions? |
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Definition
| bringing the substrates together to undergo collision |
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Term
| In the induced-fit model for enzyme activity, the substrate alters the ____ of the ____ site on the enzyme |
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Definition
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Term
| The rate at which an enzyme-reaction occurs can be increased by_____. |
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Definition
| increasing enzyme concentration |
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Term
| Some enzymes require trace metals to function as co-factors. What do the trace metals do? |
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Definition
| Trace metals must be present in the enzyme in order for the enzyme to bind substrate |
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Term
| Coenzyme A is derived from which of the following vitamins? |
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Definition
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Definition
| organic molecules derived from vitamins that function in the transfer of a chemical group |
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Term
| Enzyme saturation describes a condition where______. |
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Definition
| all of the enzymes present are bound by substrate |
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Term
| One mechanism whereby activity of an enzyme can be reduced by other reactants within a metabolic pathway downstream from the enzyme itself is called_______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most important energy-transferring compound in cells is _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The reaction whereby energy is released from an ATP molecule is called an ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation during which of the following? |
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Definition
| glycolysis and the krebs cycle only |
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Term
| The final product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions is pyruvate. What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions? |
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Definition
| Pyruvate enters the mitocondrial matrix where it is converted into acetyl CoA |
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Term
| The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| Each time an electron is passed between the molecules of the electron transport chain, _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| ATP synthase is able to use the potential energy that originates from _____ to produce ATP. |
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Definition
| the hydrogen gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| Under anaerobic conditions, which of the following is a final product of glucpse catabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
| GLucose is stored in muscle and liver cells in the form of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycogen in muscle is used to _____. |
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Definition
| fuel the activity of that muscle exclusively |
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Term
| A substantial amount of ATP is generated from the metabolism of a long carbon chains called______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Any nutrient that is not synthesized by the body and must, therefore, be acquired through the diet is a(n)_____ nutrient. |
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Definition
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| When a reaction occurs and that reaction is moving equally in a forward and reverse direction, that reaction is said to be at ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| in order for a reaction to proceed past the transition state, the reaction must_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| in a reaction that proceeds in the forward direction spontaneously, which has more free energy, the reactant or the product? |
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolism includes _____reactions and, _____ reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| during end-product inhibition, the final product in a metabolic pathway _______ regulates the activity of an enzyme earlier in the pathway. |
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Definition
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Term
| during ____, a phosphate group is transferred from a metabolic intermediate to an ADP to synthesize ATP. |
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Definition
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Term
| Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen primarily within what two organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteins are broken down to amino acids by______. |
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Definition
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Term
| in the liver, ammonia is converted to ____ for eventual elimination in the urine. |
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Definition
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Term
| What chemical group is most commonly added to a protein during covalent regulation? |
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Definition
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