Term
| Absolute Refractory Period |
|
Definition
| Membrane cannot produce another AP because Na+ channels are inactivated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport of digestion products across intestinal epithelium into blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Most widely used neurotransmitter
- Used by ALL preganglionic neurons in ANS
- Synapses called cholinergic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wave of MP change that sweeps along the axon from soma to synapse.
- Wave is formed by rapid depolarization of the membrane by Na+ influx; followed by rapid re-polarization by K+ efflux |
|
|
Term
| Action Potential: all or none |
|
Definition
When MP reaches threshold an AP is irreversibly fired:
- because positive feedback opens more and more Na+ channels
- shortly after opening, Na+ channels close and become inactivated until re-polarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moves compounds AGAINST a concentration gradient; requires energy and transporter |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Transport of molecules against a concentration gradient
- ATP is required
- A carrier protein is required |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Membranes are glued together by proteins that pass through both membranes and attach to cytoskeleton |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Two types of α (α1 and α2)
Two types of β (β1 and β2)
- All act using G-proteins and second messenger systems.
- β receptors use cAMP.
- α receptors use a Ca2+ second messenger system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Moves materials AWAY from cell body
- uses the molecular motor kinesin |
|
|
Term
| Ascending Tracts Of Spinal Cord |
|
Definition
- Convey sensory information from receptors in the skin, muscles, joints, and organs
- Crossover of information (contralateral) may occur in the spinal cord or in the medulla. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Integrate NS activity
- located entirely inside CNS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Located in the head, neck, and abdomen as well as in chains along either side of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Has 2 neurons
1. Preganglionic neurons: originate in the midbrain or hindbrain or from the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spinal cord
2. Postganglionic neurons: originate in ganglion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Single, long extension off cell body that conducts nerve impulses to other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Moves soluble compounds TOWARD nerve endings
~ via rhythmic contractions of axon |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Moves large and insoluble compounds bidirectionally along microtubles; very fast |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Dendrite and axon arise from opposite ends of cell body
Ex. RETINAL neurons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Located in left inferior frontal gyrus
- Broca’s aphasia involves slow, poorly articulated speech. There is no impairment in understanding.
- Controls motor aspects of speech
~ Only the production of speech is affected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Moves large molecules and particles across plasma membrane
- This occurs by endocytosis and exocytosis
Exocytosis: moving from cytoplasm to OUTside of the cell
Endocytosis: moving from outside of the cell to INside of cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Refer to how axon's properties affect its ability to conduct current
- Includes high resistance of cytoplasm
~ RESISTANCE DECREASES AS AXON DIAMETER INCREASES
- Current leaks out through ion channels |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac (Myocardial) Tissue |
|
Definition
- Short, branched, grouped
- Involuntary
- Intercalated discs which provide mechanical and electrical connections
- NOT individually controlled
- Single nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Carrier-Mediated Transport |
|
Definition
| Molecules too large and polar to diffuse are transported across membrane by protein carriers |
|
|
Term
| Carrier-mediated transport |
|
Definition
| Involves specific protein transporters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains nucleus and it is the metabolic center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nutritional center and makes macromolecules
- Groups of cell bodies in CNS are called nuclei
- Groups of cell bodies in PNS are called ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How cells communicate with each other
- Some use GAP JUNCTIONS through which signal pass directly from 1 cell to the next
- To respond to a CHEMICAL SIGNAL, a target cell must have a receptor protein for it |
|
|
Term
| Central Nervous Systen (CNS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The outer region of the cerebrum is composed of 2-4mm gray matter with underlying white matter
- Characterized by RAISED FOLDS called GYRI separated by DEPRESSED GROUPS called SULCI
- Each hemisphere is divided by deep sulci into 5 lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Each side of the precentral gyrus controls movements on the opposite side of the body
- Communication between the sides occurs through the corpus callosum; this is severed in severe forms of epilepsy
- RIGHT HEMIS: visuospacial tasks, recognizing faces, composing music, arranging block, reading maps
- LEFT HEMIS: language, speech, writing, calculations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Derived from the telencephalon
- Largest potion of the brain (80%)
- Responsible for higher mental functions
- Consists of a right and left cerebral hemisphere connected internally by the corpus callosum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synaptic cleft separates terminal bouton of presynaptic from postsynaptic cell
- NTs are in synaptic vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use acetylcholine as NEUROTRANSMITTER |
|
|
Term
| Conduction in Myelinated Axon |
|
Definition
Ions can't flow across myelinated membrane
- Thus no APs occur and no current leaks; this increases current spread
- APs only occur at nodes, VG Na+ channels are present only at nodes
- Fast because APs skip from node to node = SALTATORY CONDUCTION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Has lots of extracellular material deposited in space between its cells
- Includes connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone and blood
- Loose connective tissue consists of collagen (fibrous proteins) and tissue fluid
Ex: dermis of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dense regular connective tissue is packed with fibers of collagen:
- Can be regularly arranged as in tendons
- Irregularly oriented as in capsules, sheaths |
|
|
Term
| Connective Tissue: Adipose |
|
Definition
| Specialized for fat synthesis, breakdown and storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Formed as concentric circles of calcified material.
Contains 3 cell types:
- Osteoblasts: bone forming cells
- Osteocytes: trapped, inactive osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts: the bone resorbing cells |
|
|
Term
| Connective Tissue: Cartilage |
|
Definition
- Specialized for support, protection
- Made of chondrocytes and elastic extracellular material
- Serves as precursor for bone
- Forms articular surfaces for joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Part of the PNS
- Nerves that arise directly from nuclei in the brain
- 12 pairs
- Most are mixed nerves with both sensory and motor neurons
- Those associated with vision, olfaction, and hearing are sensory only
- Cell bodies of these neurons are not in the brain but in ganglia located near the sensory organ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highly branched extensions off cell body and they receive inputs from other neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when MP becomes more POSITIVE |
|
|
Term
| Descending Tracts Of Spinal Cord |
|
Definition
TWO MAJOR GROUPS
1. Corticospinal or pyramidal: descend directly without synaptic interruption from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
~ Cell bodies of these neurons are located in the precentral gyrus and superior frontal gyrus.
2. Extrapyramidal tracts: originate in the brain stem and are controlled by the motor circuits of the corpus striatum, substantia nigra, and thalamus
~ Symptoms of Parkinson disease reveal the importance of these tracts for initiating body movements, maintaining posture, and controlling facial expression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Button two membranes together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Random motion of molecules |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion Through Cell Membrane |
|
Definition
- Cell membranes are impermeable to charged and most polar compounds
- Charged molecules must have an ion or channel or transporter to move across membrane
- Non-polar compounds readily diffuse through cell membrane. Also some small molecules such as CO2 and H2O. Gas exchange occurs this way. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 major Dopamine systems in brain:
-Nigrostriatal Dopamine System: originates in the substantia nigra and is involved in motor control
~ degeneration of this system causes Parkinson's
-Mesolimbic Dopamine System: Involved in behavior and emotional reward.
~ most addictions activate this system
- over activity contributes to schizophrenia which is treated by anti-dopamine drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
- Graded in magnitude
- Have NO threshold
- Cause depolarization
- Summate
- Have NO refractory period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Depolarization flows from presynaptic into post synaptic cell through channels called gap junction
- formed by connexin proteins
- found in smooth and cardiac muscles, brain and glial cells |
|
|
Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
|
Definition
Electrodes on the scalp detect synaptic potentials produced by cell bodies and dendrites in the cerebral cortex
- four patterns usually seen:
1. Alpha waves: active, relaxed brain. Seen most in frontal and parietal lobes
2. Beta waves: produces with visual stimulation and mental activity. Seen most in frontal lobe
3. Theta waves: seen during sleep; most from occipital and temporal lobes
4. Delta waves: also seen in sleep, from all over the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| Emotions Controlled By The Limbic System |
|
Definition
- Aggression: areas in the amygdala and hypothalamus
- Fear: amygdala and hypothalamus
- Hunger/satiety: hypothalamus
- Sex drive: the whole system
- Goal-directed behaviors: hypothalamus and other regions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells secrete chemical regulators that move through blood stream to distant target cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Lines and covers body surfaces
- Consists of cells that form membranes and glands
- Regularly replaced
- Squamous: flat
- Columnar: tall
- Cuboidal: cubed |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial Tissue Characteristics |
|
Definition
- Simple membranes are one cell thick and are specialized for transport
- Stratified has a number of layers and are specialized for protection
- Cells are joined by junctional complexes, which increase strength and create a barrier
- Separated from underlying tissue by basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial Tissue: Keratin |
|
Definition
- Non keratinized stratified squamous consists of living cells
- Keratinized stratified squamous has outer layer of dead cells
~ cells contain water resistant keratin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Describes voltage across cell membrane if only 1 ion could diffuse
- If membrane permeable only to K+, it would diffuse until it reaches its equilibrium potential |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Extrinsic control |
|
Definition
#1: Body temperature is controlled by antagonistic effects of sweating and shivering
#2: Hormones control blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Derived from epithelial cells
- Secrete onto epithelium via ducts
- Can be simple tubes or clusters called acini whose secretion is controlled by surrounding myoepithelial cells
Exo: via ducts
Endo: blood stream |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular Environment |
|
Definition
Includes all constituent of body outside cells
- 67% of total body H2O is inside cells (intracellular)
- 33% is outside the cells (extracellular) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meshwork of collagen and elastin fibers linked to molecules of gel-like ground substance and to plasma membrane Integrins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passive transport down concentration gradient by carrier proteins |
|
|
Term
| Frontal and Parietal Lobes |
|
Definition
Separated by central sulcus
- Precentral gyrus is located in the frontal lobe and is responsible for motor control
- Postcentral gyrus is in the parietal lobe and is responsible for somatesthetic sensation (coming from receptors in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints) |
|
|
Term
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
|
Definition
Visualizes increased neuronal activity in different brain regions indirectly by looking at blood flow
- release of the neurotransmitter glutamate increases vasodilation of blood vessels in the area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Are part of 2nd messenger pathway in many cells.
- Contain 3 subunits whose components dissociate when a cell surface receptor is activated
- A subunit binds to an ion channel or enzyme, changing their activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most common NT in brain
- Inhibitory, opens Cl- channels
- These degenerate in Huntington's disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Link intracellular and extracellular compartments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maintenance of a state of dynamic constancy in which conditions are stabilized about and below a physiological set point |
|
|
Term
| Homeostasis: Negative Feedback & how it is controlled |
|
Definition
Sensor: Detects deviation from set point
Integrating center: determines response
Effector: produces response
- Negative feedback loops control blood pressure
- Hormonal control of blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| Homeostasis: Positive Feedback & how it is controlled |
|
Definition
Positive feedback amplifies changes
- Involved in producing blood clots
- In females it is used to create the LH surge that causes ovulation
- Positive feedback between uterus and oxytocin secretion occurs during labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have higher pressure than plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MP becomes more negative than RMP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have higher osmotic pressure and are osmotically active |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have lower osmotic pressure than plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have lower osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
- If MP in postsynaptic cell reaches threshold at the axon hillock, a new AP is generated
- GABA and glycine produce IPSOs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediates attachment to the cell and its tissues surroundings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have same osmolality as plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have same osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Group of brain regions responsible for emotional drives
- Areas of the cerebrum included: cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, septal nuclei, anterior insula
- Hypothalamus and Thalamus are also in this system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TWO TYPES OF LONG TERM:
- Non-declarative (explicit) includes memories of simple skills and conditioning
- Declarative (implicit) includes verbal memories
Amnesiacs have impaired declarative memory
- Long-term memory requires a relatively permanent change in neuron chemical structure and synapses |
|
|
Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
Protons in tissues are aligned by powerful magnets. The chemical composition of different tissues results in difference in proton alignment
- can be amplified using MRI contrast agents injected before imaging
- shows clear definition between gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of Action Potential: Depolarization |
|
Definition
- At threshold, VG Na+ channels open
- Na+ driven inward by its electrochemical gradient
- This adds depolarization, opens more channels
~ termed a positive feedback loop
- Causes rapid change in MP from -70 to +30 mV |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of Action Potential: Depolarization & Re-polarization |
|
Definition
Occur via diffusion
- do NOT require active transport
- after an AP, Na+/K+ pump extrude Na+, recovers K+ |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of Action Potential: Re-polarization |
|
Definition
- VG Na+ channels close; VG K+ channels open
- Electrochemical gradient drives K+ outward
- Repolarizes axon back to RMP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MP changes occur by ion flow through membrane channels:
- K+ leakage channels are always open
- Voltage gated (VG) channels are opened by
~ VG K+ channels are closed in resting cells
~ Na+ channels are VG; closed in resting cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Difference in charge across membranes
- Results in part from presence of large anions being trapped inside cell
- Na+ is not permeable and is actively transported out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measured by placing 1 electrode inside cells and 1 outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
LOWER CASE m
- 1 mole of solute dissolved in 1 kg H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CAPITAL M
- 1 mole of solute dissolved in 1L of solution
~ doesn't specify exact amount of H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carry impulses out of CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Have many dendrites and one axon
Ex. motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Specialized for contraction
**skeletal, cardiac, smooth** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uninsulated gap between adjacent Schwann cells is called the node of Ranvier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gives membrane voltage needed to counteract concentration forces acting on an ion
Ex = 61 log [Xout]
z [Xin]
z=valence of the ion
Value of Ex depends on ratio of ion concentrations inside and outside cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Consists of neurons and supporting (glial cells)
- Specialed for conducting electrical signals
**Have a cell body, dendrites, and axon** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region of hight to low concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gather and transmit information by:
1. Responding to stimuli
2. Producing and sending electrochemical impulses
3. Releasing chemical messages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Promote fetal nerve growth
- Required for survival of many adult neurons
- Important in regeneration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nicotinic: found in autonomic ganglia
~Stimulated by ACh
~Serve as ion channels
Muscarinic: found in visceral organs
~Five types identified; can be stimulatory or inhibitory (opening K+ or Ca2+ channels)
~Use G-proteins and second messenger system |
|
|
Term
| Non-carrier mediated transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used in PNS and CNS
- In PNS is a sympathetic NT
- In CNS affects general level of arousal
~ Amphetamines stimulate NE pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total molatlity of a solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Net diffusion of H2O across a selectively permeable membrane
- H2O diffuses down its concentration gradient until equal
- H2O is less concentrated where there are more solutes
~ Solutes have to be OSMOTICALLY active: CANNOT freely move across membrane
- Some cells have water channels (AQUAPORINS) to facilitate osmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Force that would have to be exerted to stop osmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moves material through tiny spaces BETWEEN epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells secrete regulatory molecules that DIFFUSE to nearby target cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Preganglionic neurons come from the brain or sacral region of the spinal cord.
~ Also called the craniosacral division
- They synapse on ganglia located near or in effector organs.
~ Called terminal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic Functions |
|
Definition
- Allows the body to “rest and digest” through the release of ACh from postganglionic neurons
~ Slows heart rate, dilates visceral blood vessels, increases digestive activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moves compounds down concentration gradient: requires NO energy |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
|
Definition
| Cranial and Spinal Nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phase 1: Toxicity & metabolism on humans
Phase 2: Effectiveness & toxicity on population
Phase 3: Widespread of drug in diverse population
Phase 4: Drug tested for other potential uses |
|
|
Term
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
Radioactively labeled deoxyglucose injected into the blood; emits gamma rays in active tissues
- used to monitor cancer
- used to study brain metabolism, drug distribution in the brain, and changes in blood flow following activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GABA and glycine produce IPSPs
- IPSPs dampen EPSPs making it harder to reach the threshold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when 1 neuron synapses onto axon or bouton of another neuron, inhibiting release of its NT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Na+/K+ Pump
- Uses ATP to move 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in against their gradients |
|
|
Term
| Protein carriers exhibit: |
|
Definition
- Specificity: for single molecule
- Competition: among substrates for transport
- Saturation: when all carriers are occupied
~ this is called Tm (transport maximum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cell body sits along side of single process
Ex. sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
| Rate of Diffusion depends on: |
|
Definition
1. Magnitude of its concentration gradient
2. Permeability of membrane to it
3. Temperature
4. Surface area of membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transports compounds out of urinary filtrate back into blood |
|
|
Term
| Regulatory mechanisms: Extrinsic control |
|
Definition
| Comes from outside of organ |
|
|
Term
| Regulatory mechanisms: Intrinsic control |
|
Definition
| Built into organ being regulated |
|
|
Term
| Relative Refractory Period |
|
Definition
| Occurs when VG K+ channels are open, making it harder to depolarize to threshold |
|
|
Term
| Reticular Activating System |
|
Definition
-To fall asleep, we must tune out sensory stimuli. When awake, we are alert to sensory stimuli.
- This depends on the activation and inhibition of the reticular activating system (RAS).
~ Includes the pons and reticular formation of the midbrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Moves material toward cell body
- uses the molecular motor dynein
- viruses and toxins can enter CNS this way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Testable hypothesis about observation
2. Conduct experiments to test hypothesis
3. Conclude if experiment supports hypothesis
4. Natural phenomena based on proven hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Active Transport |
|
Definition
| ATP needed for "uphill" (against gradient) movement of molecule or ion obtained from "downhill" (with gradient) transport of Na+ into cell |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Active Transport Terms |
|
Definition
- Cotransport (symport): is secondary transport in same direction as Na+
- Countertransport (antiport): moves molecule in opposite direction to Na+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May be ions (Ca++) or other molecules such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) or G-proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conduct impulses into CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Involved in regulation of mood, behavior, appetite, and cerebral circulation
- LSD is structurally similar
- SSRIs are antidepressants
Ex: prozac, zoloft, paxil, luvox |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Short-term memory involves a recurrent circuit where neurons synapse on each other in a circle.
- Interruption of the circuit destroys the memory. There was no structural change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Striated
- Voluntary (except for reflexes)
- Fuses together in embryonic stages which makes it multi nucleated
- Individually controlled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
REM: rapid eye movement; state when dreams occur. Theta waves are seen here
NON-REM: also called resting sleep; divided into four stages, determined by EEG waves seen. Stages 3 and 4 are often called slow wave sleep, characterized by delta waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When people first fall asleep, they enter NON-REM sleep and progress through the four stages
-Then, a person ascends back up the stages of NON REM sleep to REM sleep
~ cycle repeats every 90 mins, people go through 5 per night
~ if allowed to awaken naturally, people usually do so during REM sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Single nucleus
- Not striated
- Involuntary
- Controlled by ANS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Composed of white matter surrounding a gray matter core
- The gray matter is arranged with a left and right dorsal horn and a left and right ventral horn. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- The white matter is composed of ascending and descending fiber tracts.
- Arranged into six columns called funiculi
- Ascending tracts are given the prefix spino- with a suffix that indicates the brain region it synapses on
- Descending tracts are given the suffix -spinal, and the prefix indicates the brain region they came from |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Part of the PNS
- Nerves that arise directly from the spinal cord
31 pairs: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal |
|
|
Term
| Supporting Cells (Glial Cells) |
|
Definition
Provide physical and functional support for neurons
**5X more abundant than neurons** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PNS has Schwann and satellite cells
- Schwann cells myelinate PNS axons
CNS has oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes and ependymal cells
- Each oligodendrocyte myelinates several CNS axons
- Ependymal cells appear to be neural stem cells
- Other glial cells are involved in NS maintenance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Preganglionic neurons come from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
~ Also called the thoracolumbar division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The sympathetic division activates the body for “fight or flight” through the release of norepinephrine from postganglionic neurons and the secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla.
~ Prepares the body for intense physical activity in emergencies by increasing heart rate and blood glucose levels and by diverting blood to skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Functional connection between a neuron (pre) and another cell (post)
- Synaptic transmission at chemical synapses is via neurotransmitters
- Electrical synapses are rare in NS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 neuron sends neurotransmitter messages to another cell via synapses |
|
|
Term
| Temporal, Occipital, Insula |
|
Definition
Temporal: auditory centers
Occipital: vision and coordination of eye movements
Insula: encoding of memory and integration of sensory information with visceral responses; receives olfactory, gustatory, auditory, and pain information |
|
|
Term
| Testing of hypothesis includes: |
|
Definition
- Experiment control groups
- Quantative measures
- Analysis of data with statistics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When plasma membranes can join together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Effect of a solution on osmotic movement of H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moves material from 1 side to other of epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Transport Across Plasma Membrane |
|
Definition
| - Selectively Permeable: allows only certain kinds of molecules to pass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Axons of POSTganglionic neurons have various swellings called varicosities that RELEASE neurotransmitter along the length of the axon.
- They form “synapses en passant” in passing.
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate the same tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Located in left superior temporal gyrus
- Wernicke’s aphasia involves production of rapid speech with no meaning, called “word salad.”
- Information about written words is sent by the occipital lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physiological altered by disease or injury |
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Term
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Definition
| How the body works to maintain life |
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Term
| X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) |
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Definition
| Looks at soft tissue absorption of X-rays |
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