Term
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Definition
The process of absorbtion or being absorbed.
The movement of digestion products and other nutrients across the wall of the small intestine into the blood or lymph. |
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Definition
| Any substance whos dissasociation in water results in the release of hydrogen ions. "A proton donor" |
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Definition
| Any substance that reduces the number of H+ ions in a solution either by accepting them or releasing OH- to form water. The purines and pyrimidines in DNA and RNA are organic nitrogenous bases. |
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Definition
| A gobular protein to which myosin cross bridges. Located in muscle thin filiments and microfiliments of the cytoskeleton |
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Definition
| ATP. The universal energy compound that is found in all cells. ATP is composed of adenosine plus three phosphate groups |
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Definition
| An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP from ATP |
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Definition
An oxygen requiring process.
Occuring in or requiring molecular process. |
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Definition
Refers to a process that can occur in the absence of molecular oxygen.
Occuring in or requiring the absence of molecular oxygen |
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Definition
| Biosynthesis : Combining simple molecules to make a more complex molecule |
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Definition
| A mechanism for the coupled transport of two different molecules or ions through a membrane in opposite directions. |
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Definition
Exposed free surface, opposite the basal surface
the layer of plasma membrane on the apical side (the side toward the lumen) of the epithelial cells in a body tube or cavity, separated from the basolateral membrane by the zonula occludens.
FYI – zonula occludens - a component of the junctional complex between cells in which there is no intercellular space and the plasma membranes of adjacent cells are in direct contact |
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Definition
| any one of a group of proteins in cell membranes that allow the passage of water across the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
The side of the epithelial cell facing away from the lumen.
the layer of plasma membrane of epithelial cells that is adjacent to the basement membrane and separated from the apical membrane by the zonula occludens |
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Definition
| any salt containing HCO3-. a salt of carbonic acid, containing the HCO 3 −1 group; an acid carbonate, as sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO 3 |
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Term
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Definition
| The microvilli of the epithelial cells lining the small intestine.... also found in the kidney. |
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Term
| Calcium Induced Calcium Release |
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Definition
A mechanism by which local elevations of intracellular calium is released by ryanodine-sensitive Ca++
(Unsure about this definition) |
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Term
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Definition
| : a zinc-containing enzyme that occurs in living tissues (as red blood cells) and aids carbon-dioxide transport from the tissues and its release from the blood in the lungs by catalyzing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid |
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Term
| Carrier Protein/Transporter |
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Definition
Membrane proteins that allow ions and large water-soluble molecules to pass through the lipid bilyaer via facilitated diffusion.
Membrane transport protein that binds to a solute and transports it across the membrane by undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transporters can transport ions or molecules passively down an electrochemical gradient or can link the conformational changes to a source of metabolic energy such as ATP hydrolysis to drive active transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| : destructive metabolism involving the release of energy and resulting in the breakdown of complex materials within the organism |
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Term
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Definition
Membrane proteins that allow ions and large, water-soluble molecules that pass through the lipid bilayer via facilitated diffusion.
Membrane transport protein that forms an aqueous pore in the membrane through which a specific solute, usually an ion, can pass |
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Term
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Definition
An afferent nerve ending (or cells) that is sensitive to concentrations of certain chemicals.
Receptors stimulated by a change in the chemical composition of the environment in which they are located. (ex. Taste, smell, visceral receptors sensitive to changes in the plasma level of O2, pH, and osmolality.) |
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Definition
| a minute short hairlike process often forming part of a fringe ; especially : one of a cell that is capable of lashing movement and serves especially in free unicellular organisms to produce locomotion or in higher forms a current of fluid. |
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Definition
aka Oncotic Pressure. The portion of the total osmotic pressure that exherted by the plasma proteins.
The large plasma proteins cannot cross the capillary walls so they help maintain a level of of osmotic pressure.
In conditions where plasma proteins are low than it can cause symptoms such as edema and excess fluid build up (think starving kids with swollen tummies) |
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Term
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Definition
inhibitor binds to the same active site as the normal enzyme substrate, without undergoing a reaction. The substrate molecule cannot enter the active site while the inhibitor is there, and the inhibitor cannot enter the site when the substrate is there. In this case, the maximum speed of the reaction is unchanged, while the apparent affinity of the substrate to the binding site is decreased
any given competitive inhibitor concentration can be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration in which case the substrate will outcompete the inhibitor in binding to the enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| a gradient in concentration of a solute as a function of distance through a solution; "the movement of a solute down its concentration gradient is called diffusion" |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of 6 intermembrane proteins called connexins that forme an pore or channel between membranes in gap junctions. Two connexons from two different cell membranes will form a gap juction. |
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Term
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Definition
an integral membrane protein that is involved in secondary active transport. It works by binding to two molecules at a time and using the gradient of one solute's concentration to force the other molecule against its gradient.
It is sometimes equated with symporter, but the term "cotransporter" refers both to symporters and antiporters
FYI – symport – move molecules in same direction
FYI – antiport – move molecules in opposite directions |
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Term
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Definition
The chemical bond formed when two or more atoms share electrons
Stable chemical link between two atoms produced by sharing one or more pairs of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate.
(cAMP); Cyclic 3’, 5’-adenosine monophosphate; the compound derived from nucleotide that mediates the action of many hormones in cells. Acts as a second messanger inside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
One of two major compartments of the cell; composed of the cytosol and the organelles.
Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane but, in the case of eukaryotic cells, outside of the nucleous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deoxyribonuceic acid polynucleotide formed from covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units. The store of hereditary information within a cell and the carrier of this information from generation to generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The gradual movement of the membrane potential toward a more positive value. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
any of various compounds of glycerol linked to two fatty acids; they are triglyceride and phospholipid degradation products and are second messengers in calcium-mediated responses to hormones.
(DG); The second messenger that activates the protein kinase C, which then phosphorylates a large number of other proteins |
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Definition
| A process that involves the random movement of particles, such as ions and molecules in solution, such that the substances become evenly mixed. |
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Term
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Definition
| : an isomeric ester of diphosphoglyceric acid that occurs in human red blood cells and facilitates release of oxygen by decreasing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| Down regulation of receptor number: A sustained elevation of the concentration of an agonist circulating in the blood, leading to a decrease in the number of receptors present in target cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial fluid spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| : a gland (as the thyroid or the pituitary) that produces an endocrine secretion—called also ductless gland, gland of internal secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporation of substances into a cell by phagocytosis or pinocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of interconnected vesicular and lamellar cytoplasmic membranes that functions especially in the transport of materials within the cell and that is studded with ribosomes in some places |
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Term
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Definition
| : an epithelium of mesoblastic origin composed of a single layer of thin flattened cells that lines internal body cavities (as the serous cavities or the interior of the heart) |
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Term
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Definition
| : a membranous cellular tissue that covers a free surface or lines a tube or cavity of an animal body and serves especially to enclose and protect the other parts of the body, to produce secretions and excretions, and to function in assimilation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| any of various alpha-amino acids that are required for normal health and growth, are either not manufactured in the body or manufactured in insufficient quantities, are usually supplied by dietary protein, and in humans include histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine |
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Term
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Definition
| something eliminated by the process of excretion that is composed chiefly of urine or sweat in mammals including humans and of comparable materials in other animals, characteristically includes products of protein degradation (as urea or uric acid), usually differs from ordinary bodily secretions by lacking any further utility to the organism that produces it, and is distinguished from waste materials (as feces) that have merely passed into or through the alimentary canal without being incorporated into the body proper b : a waste product (as urine, feces, or vomit) eliminated from an animal body |
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Term
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Definition
| a gland (as a sweat gland, a salivary gland, or a kidney) that releases a secretion external to or at the surface of an organ by means of a canal or duct—called also gland of external secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| : the release of cellular substances (as secretory products) contained in cell vesicles by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane and subsequent release of the contents to the exterior of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid that is outside of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of passive transport facilitated by membrane proteins. Facilitated diffusion is the spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane transport proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which a system, often biological or ecological, is modulated, controlled, or changed by the product, output, or response it produces. |
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Term
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Definition
| an extracellular substance (as the hormone epinephrine or the neurotransmitter serotonin) that binds to a cell-surface receptor and initiates intracellular activity |
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Term
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Definition
| A generalized model of the structure of cell plasma membranes. Demonstrating the free movement of proteins within the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| any of a class of cell membrane proteins that are coupled to cell surface receptors and upon stimulation of the receptor by an extracellular molecule (as a hormone or neurotransmitter) bind to GTP to form an active complex which mediates an intracellular event (as activation of adenylate cyclase) |
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Term
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Definition
| an area of contact between adjacent cells characterized by modification of the plasma membranes for intercellular communication or transfer of low molecular-weight substances |
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Term
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Definition
| the synthesis of glycogen from glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of glycogen especially to glucose in the animal body—compare |
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Term
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Definition
| the enzymatic breakdown of a carbohydrate (as glucose or glycogen) by way of phosphate derivatives with the production of pyruvic or lactic acid and energy stored in high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| : an iron-containing respiratory pigment of vertebrate red blood cells that functions primarily in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body, that consists of four polypeptide chains of which two are of the type designated alpha and two are of one of the types designated beta, gamma, or delta and each of which is linked to a heme molecule, that combines loosely and reversibly with oxygen in the lungs or gills to form oxyhemoglobin and with carbon dioxide in the tissues to form carbhemoglobin, that in humans is present normally in blood to the extent of 14 to 16 grams in 100 milliliters expressed sometimes on a scale of 0 to 100 with an average normal value (as 15 grams) taken as 100, and that is determined in blood either colorimetrically or by quantitative estimation of the iron present |
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Term
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Definition
| the maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions (as body temperature or the pH of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions ; also : the process of maintaining a stable psychological state in the individual under varying psychological pressures or stable social conditions in a group under varying social, environmental, or political factors |
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Term
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Definition
| a product of living cells that circulates in body fluids (as blood) or sap and produces a specific often stimulatory effect on the activity of cells usually remote from its point of origin |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to van der Waals bond, but slightly stronger; forms when the negatively charged electron cloud formed by an asymmetrical orbit of electrons in one atom is attracted to the positively charged nucleus of a neighboring atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion of water |
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Term
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Definition
| (literally, “water loving”) A compound that readily absorbs water or readily dissolves in water. |
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Term
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Definition
| (literally, “water fearing”) A compound that is insoluble in water; repels water molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure created by a fluid that is either moving or stationary |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in cell growth or division, change in number of cells not size of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| A solution that has more solutes than another solution it is compared to. |
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Term
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Definition
| hypotonic - having an osmolality that is less than the solution it is being compared to. |
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Term
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Definition
| a solution that has less solutes than that it is being compared to. |
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Term
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Definition
| : any of the specialized regions of the sarcolemma and underlying cytoplasm of cardiac muscle cells that comprise the longitudinal and end-to-end junctions between adjacent cells and that function to connect them mechanically and electrically |
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Term
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Definition
| The fluid outside blood vessels that directly bathes most body cells |
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Term
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Definition
| An ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons, making it positively or negatively charged. |
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Term
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Definition
| The equal and opposite electrical charge that holds two atoms together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having the same osmolality, equal to that of a reference solution |
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Term
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Definition
| One having an osmotic pressure the same as that of a standard reference |
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Term
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Definition
| : any of various enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from a high-energy phosphate-containing molecule (as ATP or ADP) to a substrate—called also phosphokinase |
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Term
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Definition
| A three-carbon molecule formed as a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism of the energy pathways of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Intrinsic transmembrane ion channels that are opened or closed in response to binding of a chemical messenger |
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Term
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Definition
| a saclike cellular organelle that contains various hydrolytic enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| a phagocytic tissue cell of the immune system that may be fixed or freely motile, is derived from a monocyte, functions in the destruction of foreign antigens (as bacteria and viruses), and serves as an antigen-presenting cell |
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Term
| Mechanically-gated channel |
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Definition
| Examples of ion channels that open in response to mechanical movement of adjacent structures include touch sensors in the skin and vibration sensors in the inner ear that respond to sound. Also, most hollow organs, such as the bladder, intestines and heart, have stretch sensors that respond to expansion of the organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of a solute across a membrane with the assistance of a transport agent, such as a protein, that is specific for certain solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Voltage difference between inside and outside of cell due to an ionic concentration gradient |
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Term
| Membrane spannning protein |
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Definition
| A protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, or macromolecules, such as another protein across a biological membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transcribed segment of DNA containing the information specifying the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical changes in living cells by which energy is provided for vital processes and activities and new material is assimilated
the sum of the processes by which a particular substance is handled (as by assimilation and incorporation or by detoxification and excretion) in the living body |
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Term
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Definition
| a microscopic projection of a tissue, cell, or cell organelle ; especially : any of the fingerlike outward projections of some cell surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| any of various round or long cellular organelles of most eukaryotes that are found outside the nucleus, produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration, and are rich in fats, proteins, and enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of cell division whereby each of the two daughter cells receives a complete set of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
the simplest unit of a chemical compound that can exist, consisting of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
a very small particle |
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Term
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Definition
| a red iron-containing protein pigment in muscles that is similar to hemoglobin but differs in the globin portion of its molecule, in the smaller size of its molecule (as in the mammalian heart muscle which has only one fourth the molecular weight of the hemoglobin in the blood of the same animal), in its greater tendency to combine with oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| a fibrous globulin of muscle that can split ATP and that reacts with actin to form actomyosin |
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Term
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Definition
feedback that tends to stabilize a process by reducing its rate or output when its effects are too great.
Self limiting |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the cells that constitute nervous tissue, that have the property of transmitting and receiving nervous impulses, and that are composed of somewhat reddish or grayish protoplasm with a large nucleus containing a conspicuous nucleolus, irregular cytoplasmic granules, and cytoplasmic processes which are highly differentiated frequently as multiple dendrites or usually as solitary axons and which conduct impulses toward and away from the nerve cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical messenger used by neurons to communicate with each other or with effectors |
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Term
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Definition
| a poisonous colorless gas NO that occurs as a common air pollutant formed by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen and that is also formed by the oxidation of arginine in the mammalian body where it acts as a mediator of intracellular and intercellular communication regulating numerous biological processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that are water insoluble (hydrophobic) at room temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound consisting of a pentose sugar, one of a set of special groups called bases, and one to three phosphate groups |
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Term
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Definition
| a cellular organelle of eukaryotes that is essential to cell functions (as reproduction and protein synthesis), is composed of nuclear sap and a nucleoprotein-rich network from which chromosomes and nucleoli arise, and is enclosed in a definite membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organized, reproducible, permanent subcellular structure, membranous or nonmembranous, that provides for specific functions of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. |
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Term
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Definition
| The concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solutes per liter of solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane |
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Term
| Oxidation/Reduction reaction |
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Definition
| A reversible chemical reaction in which one reaction is an oxidation and the reverse is a reduction |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The formation of ATP from the energy released by the oxidation of various substrates, especially the organic acids involved in the Krebs cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| An expression of the rate at which oxygen is used by tissues, usually given in microliters of oxygen consumed in 1 hour by 1 milligram dry weight of tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| of, relating to, promoted by, or being a substance secreted by a cell and acting on adjacent cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of small molecules across the membrane of a cell by diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that hydrolyzes simple peptides or their derivatives |
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Term
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Definition
| a cytoplasmic cell organelle containing enzymes (as catalase) which act especially in the production and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide |
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Term
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Definition
| : a measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution that is a number on a scale on which a value of 7 represents neutrality and lower numbers indicate increasing acidity and higher numbers increasing alkalinity and on which each unit of change represents a tenfold change in acidity or alkalinity and that is the negative logarithm of the effective hydrogen-ion concentration or hydrogen-ion activity in gram equivalents per liter of the solution |
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Term
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Definition
| the engulfing and usually the destruction of particulate matter by phagocytes that serves as an important bodily defense mechanism against infection by microorganisms and against occlusion of mucous surfaces or tissues by foreign particles and tissue debris |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound C4H10N3O5P of creatine and phosphoric acid that is found especially in vertebrate muscle where it is an energy source for muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme catalyzing the removal of polar head group such as choline from phospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of phosphorylating a chemical compound either by reaction with inorganic phosphate or by transfer of phosphate from another organic phosphate ; especially : the enzymatic conversion of carbohydrates into their phosphoric esters in metabolic processes (as the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by ATP and hexokinase) |
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Term
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Definition
| a semipermeable limiting layer of cell protoplasm consisting of a fluid phospholipid bilayer with intercalated proteins—called also cell membrane, plasmalemma |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecule that has slightly positive and slightly negatively charged ends |
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Term
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Definition
| Directly uses energy to transport molecules across a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| any of numerous enzymes that hydrolyze proteins and are classified according to the most prominent functional group (as serine or cysteine) at the active site |
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Term
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Definition
| any of a class of allosteric enzymes that possess a catalytic subunit which transfers a phosphate from ATP to one or more amino acid residues (as serine, threonine, or tyrosine) in a protein's side chain resulting in a conformational change affecting protein function, that play a role in regulating intracellular processes, and that include many which are activated by the binding of a second messenger (as cyclic AMP) |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical group or molecule (as a protein) on the cell surface or in the cell interior that has an affinity for a specific chemical group, molecule, or virus |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of agranular reticulum in the sarcoplasm of striated muscle, comprising a system of smooth-surfaced tubules surrounding each myofibril. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which a solution contains as much solute as can remain dissolved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction of compound |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme located in the plasma membrane that helps maintain cell potential and regulate cellular volume |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of another substance and is typically expressed as the number of parts by weight dissolved by 100 parts of solvent at a specified temperature and pressure or as percent by weight or by volume |
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Term
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Definition
any of numerous natural or synthetic compounds containing a 17-carbon 4-ring system and including the sterols and various hormones and glycosides
Any of a large number of hormonal substances with a similar basic chemical structure, produced mainly in the adrenal cortex and gonads. |
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Term
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Definition
a state or condition of a system or process (as one of the energy states of an atom) that does not change in time
a state of physiological equilibrium especially in connection with a specified metabolic relation or activity |
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Term
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Definition
| an agent (as an environmental change) that directly influences the activity of living protoplasm (as by exciting a sensory organ or evoking muscular contraction or glandular secretion) |
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Term
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Definition
| The term symport is used to denote an integral membrane protein that simultaneouly transports two substances across membrane in the same direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| the place at which a nervous impulse passes from one neuron to another |
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Term
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Definition
| tight junctions formed by the fusion of integral proteins of the lateral cell membranes of adjacent epithelial cells, limiting transepithelial permeability. |
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Term
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Definition
A collection of similar cells and the intercellular substances surrounding them. There are four basic tissues in the body:
1) epithelium;
2) connective tissues, including blood, bone, and cartilage;
3)muscle tissue; and
4) nerve tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Solute movement across an epithelial cell layer through the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the maximal rate of secretion or reabsorption of a substance by the renal tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| any of the small tubules which run transversely through a striated muscle fiber and through which electrical impulses are transmitted from the sarcoplasm to the fiber's interior |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that phosphorylates tyrosyl residues on certain proteins; many are products of viral oncogenes; a number of receptors (e.g., receptors for epidermal growth factor, insulin, etc.) have this enzymatic activity; a misnomer, since the physiologic substrate is not tyrosine but tyrosyl residues in a protein. |
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Term
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Definition
A small (<1.0 cm in diameter), circumscribed elevation of the skin containing fluid.
A small sac containing liquid or gas.
A closed structure surrounded by a single membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
the quality of being viscous ; especially : the property of resistance to flow in a fluid or semifluid
In general, the resistance to flow or alteration of shape by any substance as a result of molecular cohesion; most frequently applied to liquids as the resistance of a fluid to flow because of a shearing force. |
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Term
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Definition
are a class of transmembrane ion channels that are activated by changes in electrical potential difference near the channel; these types of ion channels are especially critical in neurons, but are common in many types of cells.
They have a crucial role in excitable neuronal and muscle tissues, allowing a rapid and co-ordinated depolarization in response to triggering voltage change. Found along the axon and at the synapse, voltage-gated ion channels directionally propagate electrical signals. |
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