Term
At what concentration is the
transport mechanism for
glucose saturated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define effective renal plasma
flow. |
|
Definition
ERPF = U (PAH) x V/P (PAH) =
C (PAH) |
|
|
Term
| Define filtration fraction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define free water clearance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GFR = U(inulin) x V/P (inulin) =
C (inulin) GFR also equals the
difference in (osmotic pressure
of the glomerular capillary
minus Bowman's space) and
(hydrostatic pressure of the
glomerular capsule minus
Bowman's space). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cx = UxV/Px The volume of
plasma from which the
substance is cleared
completely per unit time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
V = urine flow rate C (osm) =
U(osm)V/P(osm) |
|
|
Term
How are amino acids cleared
in the kidney? |
|
Definition
Reabsorption occurs by at
least 3 distinct carrier
systems, with competitive
inhibition within each group. |
|
|
Term
How do NSAIDs cause renal
failure? |
|
Definition
By inhibiting the production
of prostaglandins which
normally keep the afferent
arterioles vasodilated to
maintain GFR |
|
|
Term
How high can the osmolarity
of the medulla reach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How is interstitial volume
measured? |
|
Definition
| Interstitial volume = ECF - PV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Via secondary active transport |
|
|
Term
How is PAH transport
mediated? |
|
Definition
Mediated by a carrier system
for organic acids |
|
|
Term
How much of the ECF is
interstitial fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How much of the ECF is
plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How much of the total body
water is part of intracellular
fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How much of the total body
water is part of the
extracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If clearance of substance X is
equal to GFR, what occurs? |
|
Definition
There is no net secretion or
reabsorption |
|
|
Term
If clearance of substance X is
greater than GFR, what
occurs? |
|
Definition
| Net tubular secretion of X |
|
|
Term
If clearance of substance X is
less than GFR, what occurs? |
|
Definition
| Net tubular reabsorption of X |
|
|
Term
Secondary active
transport of amino acids is
saturable. T/F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What 3 layers form the
glomerular filtration barrier? |
|
Definition
1. Fenestrated capillary
endothelium 2. Fused
basement membrane with
heparan sulfate 3. Epithelial
layer consisting of podocyte
foot processes |
|
|
Term
What actions does ADH have
on the kidney? |
|
Definition
-Increase water permeability
of principle cells in collecting
ducts
-Increase urea absorption in CD
-Increase Na/K/2Cl transporter in the
thick ascending limb |
|
|
Term
What actions does A-II have on
the kidney? |
|
Definition
-Contraction of efferent
arteriole increasing GFR
-Increased Na and HCO3
reabsorption in proximal
tubule |
|
|
Term
What actions does aldosterone have
on the kidneys? |
|
Definition
-Increased Na reabsorption in distal tubule
-Increased K secretion in DT
-Increased H ion secretion in DT |
|
|
Term
What actions does ANP have
on the kidney? |
|
Definition
-Decreased Na reabsorption
-Increased GFR |
|
|
Term
What actions does PTH have
on the kideny? |
|
Definition
-Increased Ca reabsorption
-Decreased phosphate reabsorption
-Increase 1,25-(OH)2 Vit D production |
|
|
Term
| What activates 1 alphahydroxylase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the 4 actions of
angiotensin II? |
|
Definition
1. Vasoconstriction
2. Release of aldo from adrenal cortex 3. Release of ADH from posterior pituitary
4. Stimulates hypothalamus to increase thirst |
|
|
Term
What are the 4 endocrine
functions of the kidney? |
|
Definition
1. EPO release
2. Vitamin D conversion
3. Renin release
4. Prostaglandins release |
|
|
Term
What are the consequences of
a loss in the charge barrier? |
|
Definition
-Albuminuria
-Hypoproteinemia
-Generalized edema
-Hyperlipidemia |
|
|
Term
What competitively inhibits
the carrier system for PAH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What constricts the efferent
arteriole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What dilates the renal afferent
arteriole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do the collecting ducts
reabsorb in exchange for K or
H? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cleave angiotensinogen into
angiotensin I |
|
|
Term
What does the anterior
pituitary secrete? |
|
Definition
-FSH and LH
-ACTH
-GH
-TSH
-MSH
-Prolactin |
|
|
Term
What does the beta subunit
do? |
|
Definition
The beta subunit determines
hormone specificity |
|
|
Term
What does the early distal
convoluted tubule actively
reabsorb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the posterior
pituitary secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the secretion of
prostaglandins from the
kidney do? |
|
Definition
Vasodilates the afferent
arterioles to increase GFR |
|
|
Term
What does the thick
descending loop of Henle
indirectly reabsorb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What effect does constriction
of the efferent arteriole have? |
|
Definition
-Decreased RPF
-Increased GFR
-FF increases |
|
|
Term
What effect does dilation of
the afferent arteriole have? |
|
Definition
-Increased RPF
-Increased GFR
- FF remains constant |
|
|
Term
What enzyme converts 25-OH
Vit D to 1,25-(OH)2 Vit D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What happens to glucose in
the kidneys when glucose is
at a normal level? |
|
Definition
Glucose is completely
reabsorbed in the proximal
tubule. |
|
|
Term
What hormones act on the
kidney? |
|
Definition
1. ADH
2. Aldosterone
3. Angiotensin II
4. Atrial natriurtic Peptide
5. PTH |
|
|
Term
What inhibits constriction of
the efferent arteriole by A-II? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What inhibits dilation of the
afferent arteriole by
prostaglandins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is an important clinical
clue to diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is angiotensin II's
overall function? |
|
Definition
To increase intravascular
volume and increase blood
pressure |
|
|
Term
What is passively reabsorbed
in the thin descending loop of
Henle? |
|
Definition
Water via medullary
hypertonicity (impermeable to
sodium) |
|
|
Term
What is reabsorbed in the
early distal tubule under the
control of PTH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the function of the
early proximal convoluted
tubule? |
|
Definition
Reabsorbs all of the glucose
and amino acids and most of
the bicarbonate, sodium, and
water |
|
|
Term
What is the oncotic pressure
of Bowman's space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the thick ascending
loop of Henle impermeable
to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the threshold for
glucose reabsorption in the
proximal tubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What may act as a 'check' on
the renin-angiotensin system
in heart failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What part of the nephron
secretes ammonia? |
|
Definition
Early proximal convoluted
tubule |
|
|
Term
What part of the pituitary is
derived from neuroectoderm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What percentage of the body
is water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What regulates the
reabsorption of water in the
collecting ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What stimulates ADH
secretion? |
|
Definition
-Increased plasma osmolarity
-Greatly decreased blood volume |
|
|
Term
What stimulates aldosterone
secretion? |
|
Definition
-Decreased blood volume (via A-II)
-Increased plasma K concentration |
|
|
Term
What stimulates angiotensin
secretion? |
|
Definition
Decreased blood volume (via
renin) |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates EPO release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates ANP secretion? |
|
Definition
| Increased atrial pressure |
|
|
Term
What stimulates PTH
secretion? |
|
Definition
Decreased plasma Ca
concentration |
|
|
Term
What stimulates renin
release? |
|
Definition
1. Decreased renal arterial pressure
2. Increased renal nerve discharge (Beta 1 effect) |
|
|
Term
What subunit do TSH, LH, FSH
and hCG have in common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What symptom is present
once threshold is reached? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of tissue is the
anterior pituitary derived
from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What value is used clinically
to represent GFR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What variables are needed to
calculate free water
clearance? |
|
Definition
-Urine flow rate
-Urine osmolarity
-Plasma Osmolarity |
|
|
Term
Where does ACE convert A-I to
A-II? |
|
Definition
| Primarily the lung capillaries |
|
|
Term
Where does secondary active
transport of amino acids
occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Endothelial cells of the
peritubular capillaries
(kidney) |
|
|
Term
Where is paraaminohippuric
acid secreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which barrier is lost in
nephrotic syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which layer filters by negative
charge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer filters by size? |
|
Definition
Fenestrated capillary
endothelium |
|
|
Term
Why does the nephron
secrete ammonia? |
|
Definition
Acts As a buffer for secreted
H ions |
|
|
Term
Why is inulin used to measure
GFR? |
|
Definition
Because it is freely filtered
and is neither absorbed or
secreted |
|
|
Term
| Why is PAH used to calculate RPF? |
|
Definition
| PAH is secreted and filtered. |
|
|
Term
| Why is PAH used to calculate RPF? |
|
Definition
| PAH is secreted and filtered. |
|
|
Term
A 21-Beta-hydroxylase
deficiency will result in what
hormone deficiencies/
excesses? |
|
Definition
Decreased cortisol and
mineralocorticoids
(hypotension, hyperkalemia)
Increased sex hormones
(masculinization) |
|
|
Term
A deficiency of 17-alpha
hydroxylase will result in an
decrease in what hormone(s)? |
|
Definition
Decreased sex hormones and
cortisol |
|
|
Term
A deficiency of 17-alpha
hydroxylase will result in an
increase in what hormone(s)? |
|
Definition
Aldosterone Produces
hypertension, hypokalemia |
|
|
Term
A dopaminergic antagonist
would be expected to have
what effect prolactin
secretion? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates prolactin secretion |
|
|
Term
A maturing graafian follicule
can be found at what stage of
the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
During the proliferative phase
(Around Day 7) |
|
|
Term
Angiotensin II has what effect
on the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
Stimulates aldosterone
production by enhancing the
activity of aldosterone
synthase |
|
|
Term
Calcitonin's actions
(synergize/oppose) the
actions of PTH. |
|
Definition
Oppose. Calcitonin acts faster
than PTH to decrease serum
Ca2+ levels. |
|
|
Term
Decreased cortisol levels as in
any of the congenital adrenal
hyperplasias will have what
effect on ACTH? |
|
Definition
ACTH levels will be increased
contributing to increased skin
pigmentation |
|
|
Term
Decreased phosphate will
have what effect on Vit D? |
|
Definition
| Increased activated Vit D. |
|
|
Term
During the 2nd and 3rd
trimester, one would expect
the corpus luteum to be? |
|
Definition
Degenerated. Shortly after
the first trimester, the
placenta makes estriol and
progesterone. |
|
|
Term
Decreased phosphate will
have what effect on Vit D? |
|
Definition
| Increased activated Vit D. |
|
|
Term
During the 2nd and 3rd
trimester, one would expect
the corpus luteum to be? |
|
Definition
Degenerated. Shortly after
the first trimester, the
placenta makes estriol and
progesterone. |
|
|
Term
Estradiol is converted from
what precursor by what
enzyme? |
|
Definition
Aromatase converts
Testosterone to Estradiol. |
|
|
Term
Estrogen is produced in what
4 locations in the body? |
|
Definition
Corpus luteum, placenta,
adrenal cortex, and testes |
|
|
Term
Estrogen levels are low/med/
high during the just before
the peak of the LH surge? |
|
Definition
High. Estrogen switches to
positive feedback of LH from
negative so both increase. |
|
|
Term
Estrogens have what effect of
LH secretion? |
|
Definition
Complex effects. Early on
estrogen has a negative effect
that switches to positve just
before the LH surge. |
|
|
Term
Estrogens have what effect of
the follicle? |
|
Definition
Estrogens stimulate growth of
the follicle |
|
|
Term
Failure of brain maturation
due to lack of thyroid
hormone is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Finasteride inhibits what step
in testosterone metabolism? |
|
Definition
Converstion of testosterone
to DHT by 5-alpha reductase |
|
|
Term
Follicular growth is fastest
during what part of the
menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
During the second week od
the proliferative phase (Days
7-14) |
|
|
Term
FSH stimulates what cells in
the male? |
|
Definition
Sertoli cells
(spermatogenesis) |
|
|
Term
Hypocalcemia will have what
effect on Vit D metabolism? |
|
Definition
Decreased Ca2+ will increase
PTH which will stimulate the
kidney to produce more
activated Vit D. |
|
|
Term
In addition to peripheral
conversion, DHT is also
produced in the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what organ is Vitamin D3
produced? |
|
Definition
The skin. Vit D requires sun
exposure (UV light and heat) |
|
|
Term
Is testosterone considered to
be anabolic or catabolic
overall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
LH levels would be low/med/
high at the time of ovulation
(Day 14) |
|
Definition
Low. The LH surge has
already declined |
|
|
Term
LH stimulates what cells in
the male? |
|
Definition
Leydig cells (testosterone
synthesis) |
|
|
Term
Name the two primary insulin
independent organs? |
|
Definition
Brain and RBC's take up
glucose independent of
insulin |
|
|
Term
Order the following with the
most potent first:
testosterone,
androstenedione. DHT |
|
Definition
DHT > testosterone >
androstenedione |
|
|
Term
Order the following with the
most potent first: estrone,
estradiol, estriol. |
|
Definition
Estradiol > estrone >
estriol |
|
|
Term
Phosphate reabsortion in the
kidneys is inhibited by what
hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Progesterone has what effect
on body temperature? |
|
Definition
| Increases body temperature |
|
|
Term
Progestorone is used in
combination with estrogen
for what reason? |
|
Definition
To decrease the risk of
endometrial cancer
associated with unopposed
estrogen therapy |
|
|
Term
Prolactin has what effect on
ovulation? |
|
Definition
Prolactin inhibits ovulation by
inhibiting the release/
synthess of GnRH from the
hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
PTH causes increased calcium
reabsorption in what part of
the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
PTH is produced by what cell
type? |
|
Definition
Chief cells of the parathyroid
glands |
|
|
Term
Sertoli cells stimulate
spermatogenesis by
producing what 2 factors in
response to FSH? |
|
Definition
Androgen-binding protein(ABP)
- concentrates testosterone in the
seminiferous tubules
Inhibin
- inhibits FSH secretion fro
the ant pit |
|
|
Term
Glycolisis is promoted
by the thyroid hormones - T/F |
|
Definition
False. Thyroid hormones
increase blood glucose levels
by stimulating glycolgenolysis
and gluconeogenesis. |
|
|
Term
PTH stimulates both
osteoclasts and osteoblasts? T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Testosterone is the
most active androgen in
males and females? T/F |
|
Definition
False. 5-alpha reductase
activates testosterone to DHT
which is the most active
androgen. |
|
|
Term
Testosterone acts as a
negative inhibitor on what
hormone from the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Testosterone is synthesized
in what two locations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The hormone with the highest
concentration during the
secretory phase is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The key inhibitor of prolactin
release is? |
|
Definition
Dopamine secreted from the
hypothalamus Bromocriptine
(Dopamine agonist has the
same effect) |
|
|
Term
The parathyroid glands come
from what embryonic
structures? |
|
Definition
The 3rd and 4th pharyngeal
pouches |
|
|
Term
The primary estrogen
produced by the ovary is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The primary estrogen
produced by the placenta is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thick mucous production is
the result of what sex
hormone? |
|
Definition
Progesterone Decreases
sperm entry into the uterus |
|
|
Term
Throid Stimulating
Immunoglobulin results in
what disease? |
|
Definition
Graves Disease
(hyperthroidism) |
|
|
Term
Thyroid hormones acts
synergistically with what
hormone with respect to bone
growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRH is produced in what
region of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TSH levels in a hypothroid
patient would be? Free T4? |
|
Definition
Elevated TSH
Decreased free T4 |
|
|
Term
Unlike estrogen, what effect
does progesterone have on
the myometrium? |
|
Definition
Progesterone decreases
myometrial excitability to
help maintain the pregnancy/
facilitate fertilization |
|
|
Term
Vit D deficiency in kids cause
what disease? Adults? |
|
Definition
Rickets in kids Osteomalacia
in adults |
|
|
Term
What 2 conditions other than
pregnancy increase hCG? |
|
Definition
Hydatidiform moles in women
or choriocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
What adrenergic effects do
the thyroid hormones have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the symptoms of
menopause? |
|
Definition
HAVOC!
H = Hot flashes
A V =Atrophy of the Vagina
O = Osteoporosis
C = Coronary Artery Disease |
|
|
Term
| What cells produce calcitonin? |
|
Definition
Parafollicular cells (C cells) of
the thyroid |
|
|
Term
What does an elevated
progesterone level indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What effect do androgens
have on growth of long
bones. |
|
Definition
During puberty, testosterone
stimulates bone growth but
eventually causes closure of
the ephyseal plates |
|
|
Term
What effect do estrogens have
on the endometrium?
Myometrium? |
|
Definition
Stimulate endometrial
proliferation
Increase
myometrial excitability |
|
|
Term
What effect do estrogens have
on the liver? |
|
Definition
Increase hepatic synthesis of
transport proteins |
|
|
Term
What effect do the thyroid
hormones have on cardiac
output? Heart rate?
Contractility? Stroke Volume?
Respiratory Rate? |
|
Definition
Thyroid hormones increase:
CO HR SV contractility and RR |
|
|
Term
What effect does Ca2+ have
on bone? |
|
Definition
Stimulates bone resorption of
calcium. |
|
|
Term
What effect does
progesterone have on FSH?
On LH? |
|
Definition
Progesterone is inhibitory to
both gonadotrophins |
|
|
Term
What effect does
progesterone have on the
endometrium? |
|
Definition
Progesterone stimulates the
endometrial glands to
become secretory and
increases spiral artery
development |
|
|
Term
What effect does PTH have on
bone? |
|
Definition
Increases bone resorption of
Ca2+ and phosphate |
|
|
Term
What effect does thyroid
hormone have on lipolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What effect will low serum
phosphate have the kidney? |
|
Definition
The kidney will produce more
1-25-OH2 Vit D which will
increase phosphate release
from bone matrix and
increase Ca2+ and phosphate
absorption in the GIT |
|
|
Term
What enzyme deficiency will
produce BOTH hypertension
and masculinization of
females? |
|
Definition
11-Beta hydroxylase
deficiency 11-
deoxycorticosterone will act
as a mineralocorticoid |
|
|
Term
What enzyme in the kidney is
stimulated that affects
vitamin D metabolism? |
|
Definition
PTH stimulates 1-alphahydroxylase
cause increased
production of 1,25-(OH)2
vitamin D. |
|
|
Term
What happens to the corpus
lutem if progesterone levels
fall without fertilization? |
|
Definition
The corpus luteum regresses
and menstration occurs |
|
|
Term
What happens to the corpus
lutem if progesterone levels
with fertilization? |
|
Definition
The corpus luteum is
maintained by hCG acting like
LH which maintains both
estrogen and progesterone
levels. |
|
|
Term
What hormonal changes are
seen with untreated
menopause with respect to
estrogen, FSH, LH, GnRH? |
|
Definition
Decreased estrogen Increased
FSH (Greatly) Increased LH
(No surge) Increased GnRH |
|
|
Term
What hormone predominates
during the secretory phase of
the menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the key regulator of
PTH secretion? |
|
Definition
Decrease in free serum Ca2+
increases PTH secretion.
Increased Ca2+ feedback
inhibits PTH secretion. |
|
|
Term
What is the key regulator that
increases Calcitonin
secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the most common
cause of congenital adrenal
hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
21-Beta hydroxylase
deficiency |
|
|
Term
What is the physiologic
source of hCG? |
|
Definition
The syncytiotrophoblasts of
the placenta |
|
|
Term
What is the primary organ
that converts Vit D to 25-OH
Vit D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the primary source of
androstenedione? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the role of calcitonin
in normal calcium
homeostasis? |
|
Definition
Probably not important as
PTH is the primary regulator
of calcium homeostasis. |
|
|
Term
What is the VERY first
molecule in the pathway for
the synthesis of Aldosterone?
Cortisol? Adrenal androgens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is thought to be the
cause of menopause? |
|
Definition
Cessation of estrogen
production due to decline in
the number of follicles |
|
|
Term
What overall effects does PTH
have on body electolytes? |
|
Definition
PTH increases serum Ca 2+,
decreases serum phosphates,
increases urine phosphates |
|
|
Term
What signal from the body
decreases TRH secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What substance is used by
the brain for energy during
starvation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What will the levels of Ca2+,
phosphate, and alkaline
phosphatase be in
hyperparathyroidism? |
|
Definition
Increased Ca2+, decreased
phosphate, increased alkaline
phosphatase |
|
|
Term
What will the levels of Ca2+,
phosphate, and alkaline
phosphatase be in
osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
No changes in Ca2+,
phosphate, or alkaline
phosphatase |
|
|
Term
What will the levels of Ca2+,
phosphate, and alkaline
phosphatase be in Paget's
disease of bone? |
|
Definition
Alkaline phosphatase
increased with normal Ca2+
and phosphate |
|
|
Term
What will the levels of Ca2+,
phosphate, and alkaline
phosphatase be in renal
insufficiency? |
|
Definition
Decreased Ca2+, increased
phosphate, and alkaline
phosphates WNL |
|
|
Term
What will the levels of Ca2+,
phosphate, and alkaline
phosphatase be in Vit D
intoxication? |
|
Definition
Increased Ca2+ and
phosphate with alkaline
phosphatase WNL |
|
|
Term
Which ducts (Mullerian or
Wolfian) are promoted by
androgens? |
|
Definition
Wolfian ducts are
differentiated into the internal
gonadal structures. |
|
|
Term
Why is hCG so useful for
detecting pregnancy? |
|
Definition
It is detectable in the blood
and urine 8 days after
successful fertilization. |
|
|
Term
Why is hormone replacement
therapy used in
postmenopausal women? |
|
Definition
Decrease hot flashes and
decrease bone loss.
Decreased risk of heart
disease could be on the
boards but is no longer true
(2001). |
|
|
Term
Will most steroids in the
blood be bound or unbound? |
|
Definition
Bound to specific binding
globulins
Steroids are
lipophilic |
|
|
Term
You would expect the body
temperature of a patient with
hyperthroidism to be? |
|
Definition
Elevated Thyroid hormone
increases Na/K ATPase
activity => increased
consumption of O2 =>
increased temp |
|
|
Term
A decrease in PA O2 will have
what effect on the pulmonary
vasculature? |
|
Definition
Causes hypoxic
vasoconstriction that shifts
blood awayfrom poorly
ventilated regions |
|
|
Term
A value of infinity for V/Q
indicates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A ZERO value for V/Q
indicates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bicarbonate in the RBC is
transported out of the cell in
exchange for what ion? |
|
Definition
| Cl- by a HCO3-/Cl- antiport |
|
|
Term
Cor pulmonale is the result
of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cor pulmonale will lead to
what condition of the heart? |
|
Definition
Right ventricular failure
(jugular venous distention,
edema, hepatomegaly) |
|
|
Term
Dissociation of CO2 from Hb
upon oxygenation in the
lungs is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exercise (increased cardiac
output) will have what effect
on V/Q to the apex? |
|
Definition
The V/Q will approach 1
(from 3) as a result of dilation
of vessels in the apex. |
|
|
Term
In the apex of the lung, V/Q
should be >1, =1, or <1? |
|
Definition
V/Q > 1. NL = 3 which
indicates wasted ventilation. |
|
|
Term
In the base of the lung, V/Q
should be >1, =1, or <1? |
|
Definition
V/Q < 1. NL = 0.6 which
indicates wasted perfusion. |
|
|
Term
In the perpheral tissue what
factor helps unload oxygen
by shifting the curve to the
right? |
|
Definition
Increased H+ (decreased pH)
a.k.a. the Bohr effect |
|
|
Term
Increased 2,3-DPG will cause
a shift in what direction of
the oxygen-Hb dissociation
curve? |
|
Definition
The curve will shift RIGHT.
This allows Hb to release
more oxygen |
|
|
Term
Increased erythropoietin
levels as a response to high
altitudes will have what affect
on the blood? |
|
Definition
| Increase hematocrit and Hb |
|
|
Term
Neonatal respiratory distress
syndrome is due to a
deficiency of what? |
|
Definition
Surfactant (dipalmitoyl
phosphatidylcholine, lecithin) |
|
|
Term
Perfusion is greatest in what
part of the lung? |
|
Definition
Both ventilation and perfusion
are greater at the base than
at the apex |
|
|
Term
Recurrent TB grows best in
what part of the lung? Why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Surfactant role in the lungs is
to do what? |
|
Definition
Decrease alveolar surface
tension |
|
|
Term
The pulmorary
circulation is a high
resistance, low compliance
system. - T/F |
|
Definition
F. It has low resistance and
high compliance. |
|
|
Term
The conversion of CO2 to
H2CO3 (Carbonic acid) is
catalyzed by what RBC
enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The kidneys would do what to
compensate for respiratory
alkalosis as a response to
high altitude? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The predominant form of
CO2 transport from the
tissues to the lungs is? |
|
Definition
HCO3- (bicarbonate)
accounts for 90%, followed by
Hb bound CO2 (5%) and
dissolved CO2 (5%) |
|
|
Term
TV+IRV+ERV = ? TV = tidal
volume, IRV = inspirartory
reserve volume, ERV =
expiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
Vital capacity. VC is
everything but the residual
volume. |
|
|
Term
Ventilation is greatest in what
part of the lung? |
|
Definition
Both ventilation and perfusion
are greater at the base than
at the apex. |
|
|
Term
What 6 factors decrease O2
affinity to Hb/decrease P50?
What direction does the O2-
Hb dissociation curve shift? |
|
Definition
Decrease metabolic needs,
dcr PCO2, dcr temperature,
increased pH, dcr 2,3-DPG,
and Fetal Hb The curve shifts
LEFT. |
|
|
Term
What are some potential side
effects of ACE inhibitors? |
|
Definition
Cough and angioedema due
to decreased bradykinin |
|
|
Term
What cellular change could
you expect as a response to
high altitude? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What enzyme in the lungs is a
key enzyme in the reninangiotensin
system? |
|
Definition
Angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE) which converts
Ang I to Ang II |
|
|
Term
What is expiratory reserve
volume? |
|
Definition
Air that can still be breathed
out after normal expiration |
|
|
Term
What is FRC? How is it
calculated? |
|
Definition
FRC is the flume in the lungs
after normal respiration and
is the sum of RV +ERV. |
|
|
Term
What is inspiratory reserve
volume? |
|
Definition
Air in excess of the tidal
volume that moves into the
lungs with maximum
inspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Air in the lung at maximal
expiration |
|
|
Term
What is the bodies acute
reponse to a change from low
to high altitude? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the difference
between capacites and
volumes in the lung? |
|
Definition
Capacities are the sum of
>= 2 volumes. |
|
|
Term
What is the Total Lung
Capacity? Normal Value? |
|
Definition
IRV + TV + ERV + RV or VC +
RV Normal would be ~ 6.0 L |
|
|
Term
What is tidal volume? What is
a normal TV value? |
|
Definition
Air that moves into the lung
with each quiet expiration.
500 mL is normal |
|
|
Term
What would be the effect on
the heart due to chronic
hypoxic pulmonary
vasoconstriction (High
altitude)? |
|
Definition
| Right ventricular hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
Would you expect acidosis or
alkalosis due as a response to
high altitude? Metabolic or
Respiratory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Exocrine secretion of
zymogens by secretory acini
is stimulated by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Five effects of
Parasympathetic GI
Innervation: |
|
Definition
1. Increase production of saliva
2. Increase gastric H+ secretion
3. Increases pancreatic enzyme and
HCO3- secretion
4. Stimulates enteric nervous system to
create intestinal peristalsis
5. Relaxes sphincters |
|
|
Term
Five main components of
gastric secretions and their
sources? |
|
Definition
-Mucus (Mucous cell)
-Intrinsic factor (Parietal cell)
-H+ (Parietal cell)
-Pepsinogen (Chief cell)
-Gastrin (G cell in antrum and duodenum) |
|
|
Term
Four categories of drugs that
inhibit/decrease secretion of
gastric acid: |
|
Definition
1. Proton pump inhibitors(omeprazole)
2. H2 receptor antagonists (Rantidine,
Cimetidine, Famotidine)
3. Anticholinergics
4. Prostaglandin receptor antagonists (Misoprostol) |
|
|
Term
Four effects of Sympathetic GI
Innervation: |
|
Definition
1.Increase production of saliva
2.Decreases splanchnic blood flow in
fight-or-flight response
3.Decreases motility
4.Constricts Sphincters |
|
|
Term
Four functions of H+ secreted
in the stomach? |
|
Definition
-Kills bacteria
-Breaks down food
-Lowers pH to optimal range for pepsin function(conversion of pepsinogen)
-Sterilizes chyme |
|
|
Term
Four functions of
Samatostatin? |
|
Definition
1.Inhibits Gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion
2.Inhibits pancreatic and small intestine fluid secretion
3.Gallbladder contraction
4.Release of both insulin and glucagon |
|
|
Term
From what cells is bile
secreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Function of Gastrin secreted
in the stomach? |
|
Definition
Stimulates secretion of HCl,
IF, and pepsinogen (also
stimulates gastric motility) |
|
|
Term
Function of Intrinsic factor
secreted in the stomach? |
|
Definition
Binding protein required for
vitamin B12 absorption (in
terminal ileum) |
|
|
Term
How do you treat Pancreatic
Insufficiency? |
|
Definition
-Limit fat intake
-Monitor signs of fat-soluble vitamin(A,D,E,K) deficiency |
|
|
Term
How does jaundice manifest
in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How much urobilinogen is
secreted per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what form is bilirubin
secreted by the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what form is bilirubin
secreted in the feces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name as many Pancreatic
enzymes as you can: |
|
Definition
-alpha-amylase
-lipase
-phospholipase A
-colipase
-proteases (trypsin,chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases)
-trypsinogen (trypsin) |
|
|
Term
Name the major product of
heme metabolism that is
actively taken up ty
hepatocytes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the organ and enzyme
family involved in the
production of bilirubin? |
|
Definition
Nonerythroid enzymes in the
liver |
|
|
Term
Name the three salivary
secretory glands: |
|
Definition
-Parotic
-Submandibular
-Sublingual |
|
|
Term
Name two potent stimulators
of Gastrin: |
|
Definition
1. Phenylalanine
2. Tryptophan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
SEE PICTURE ON LAST PAGE
OF GI PHYSIOLOGY!!! |
|
Definition
SEE PICTURE ON LAST PAGE
OF GI PHYSIOLOGY!!! |
|
|
Term
| Three main functions of CCK? |
|
Definition
1. Stimulates gallbladder contraction
2. Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion
3. Inhibits gastric emptying |
|
|
Term
| Two functions of Secretin? |
|
Definition
1. Stimulates pancreatic HCO3 secretion
2. Inhibits gastric acid secretion |
|
|
Term
Two functions of the mucus
secreted in the stomach? |
|
Definition
-Lubricant
-Protects surface from H+ |
|
|
Term
What activates all the
proteases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the products of
oligosaccharide hydrolase
action? |
|
Definition
Monosaccharides (glucose,
galactose, fructose) |
|
|
Term
What are the products of
starch hydrolysis by
pancreatic amylase? |
|
Definition
Oligosaccharides, maltose
and maltotriose |
|
|
Term
What are the products of the
hydrolysis of carbohydrate
alpha-1,4 linkages by salivary
amylase? |
|
Definition
maltose, maltotriose and
alpha-limit dextrans |
|
|
Term
What are the three main
functions of saliva? |
|
Definition
1. Begin starch digestion
2. Neutralize oral bacterial acids
which maintains dental health
3. Lubricate food |
|
|
Term
What are the two main
sources of bilirubin in the
body? |
|
Definition
-Hepatic production by
nonerythroid enzymes
-Metabolism of heme from red
blood cells (120 day life span)
and incomplete or immature
erythroid cells |
|
|
Term
What causes pain to worsen
in Cholelithiasis? |
|
Definition
Eating fatty foods which
cause CCK release |
|
|
Term
What component of GI
secretion is 'not essetial for
digestion?' |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What condition results from
elevated bilirubin levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What disease is commonly
associated with pancreatic
insufficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do pancreatic ducts
secrete when stimulated by
secretin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does inadequate gastric
acid cause? |
|
Definition
Increased risk of Salmonella
infections |
|
|
Term
What enzyme converts
trypsinogen to trypsin? |
|
Definition
enterokinase (a duodenal
brushborder enzyme) |
|
|
Term
What enzyme hydrolyzes
starch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What enzyme is involved in
the rate-limiting step in
carbohydrate digestion? |
|
Definition
| Oligosaccaride hydrolases |
|
|
Term
What enzyme starts digestion
and hydrolyzes alpha-1,4
linkages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What form are the proteases
secreted in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What form is Alpha-amylase
secreted in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What hormone decreases
absorption of substances
needed for growth) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What inhibits the release of
gastrin and secretin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is pancreatic amylase in
highest concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the composition of
bile? (5) |
|
Definition
-bile salts
-phospholipids
-cholesterol
-bilirubin
-water |
|
|
Term
What is the fate of
pepsinogen? |
|
Definition
Broken down to pepsin (a
protease) by H+ |
|
|
Term
What is the function (fxn) of
Pepsin? |
|
Definition
Begins protein digestion
(optimal pH = 1.0 - 3.0) |
|
|
Term
What is the function of
Alpha-amylase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the function of
proteases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of VIP? |
|
Definition
- pancreatic HCO3- secretion
- inhibition of gastric H+ secretion |
|
|
Term
What is the function on
Nitrous Oxide? |
|
Definition
Causes smooth muscle
relaxation |
|
|
Term
What is the major stimulus
for secretion of enzyme-rich
fluid by pancreatic acinar
cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the major stimulus
for zymogen release, but a
poor stimulus for bicarbonate
secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the only types of
carbohydrate that is
absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the primary location
over bacterial conversion or
conjugated bilirubin to
urobilinogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is Zollinger-Ellison
syndrome? What is the main
manifestation? |
|
Definition
1. Hypersecretion of Gastrin
2. Peptic ulcers |
|
|
Term
What manifestations are seen
in pancreatic insufficiency? |
|
Definition
-malabsorption -steatorrhea
(greasy, malodorous stool) |
|
|
Term
What regulates bicarbonate
secretion? |
|
Definition
Stimulated by secretin,
potentiated by vagal input
and CCK |
|
|
Term
What regulates CCK
secretion? |
|
Definition
Stimulated by fatty acids and
amino acids |
|
|
Term
What regulates Gastrin
secretion? |
|
Definition
-Stimulated by stomach
distension, amino acids,
peptides, and vagus
-Inhibited by secretin and
stomach acid pH less than 1.5 |
|
|
Term
What regulates secretion of
secretin? |
|
Definition
Stimulated by acid and fatty
acids in lumen of duodenum |
|
|
Term
What regulates secretion of
Somatostatin? |
|
Definition
-Stimulated by acid
-Inhibited by vagus |
|
|
Term
What special characteristic do
bile salts possess? |
|
Definition
They are amphipathic
(contain both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic domains) |
|
|
Term
What special characteristic
does the conjugated form of
bilirubin possess? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What substance stimulates
ductal cells to secrete
bicarbonate-rich fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What three enzymes aid in fat
digestion? |
|
Definition
1. Lipase
2. Phospholipase A
3. Colipase |
|
|
Term
What trasport is utilized in
glucose absorption across
cell membrane? |
|
Definition
Sodium-glucose-coupled
transporter |
|
|
Term
What two conditions are
caused be autoimmune
destruction of parietal cells? |
|
Definition
-Chronic Gastritis
-Pernicious Anemia |
|
|
Term
What type(s) of innervation
stimulate salivary secretion? |
|
Definition
BOTH Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
Where are the oligosaccharide
hydrolase enzymes located? |
|
Definition
At the brush border of the
intestine |
|
|
Term
Where does bilirubin
conjugation take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where does glucose
absorption occur? |
|
Definition
Duodenum and proximal
Jejunum |
|
|
Term
Where does heme catabolism
take place? |
|
Definition
In the Reticuloendothelial
System |
|
|
Term
Where is bicarbonate secreted
and what does it do? |
|
Definition
-Surface mucosal cells of
stomach and duodenum
-Neutralizes acid
-Present in the unstirred layer preventing autodigestion |
|
|
Term
Where is Cholecystokinin
(CCK) secreted? |
|
Definition
I cells of duodenum and
jejunum |
|
|
Term
| Where is Secretin secreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is Somatostatin
secreted? |
|
Definition
D cells in pancreatic islets
and GI mucosa |
|
|
Term
Where is Vasoactive Intestinal
Peptide (VIP) secreted |
|
Definition
Smooth muscle nerves of the
intestines |
|
|
Term
Which component of bile
makes up the greatest
percentage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which component of bile
solubilizes lipids in micelles
for absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which component of saliva
begins starch digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which component of saliva
lubricates food? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why do we need alkaline
pancreatic juice in the
duodenum? |
|
Definition
To neutralize gastric acid,
allowing pancreatic enzymes
to function |
|
|
