Term
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Definition
| Change in a variable from resting value to max values |
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Term
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Definition
| Expired volume of air measured in liters per minute composed of respiratory rate and tidal volume |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of Breaths per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of air in mL per breath |
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Term
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Definition
| Total amount of maximum sustainable work you are able to be produced dependent on VO2 max |
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Term
| Resting Minute Ventilation |
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Definition
| 4-6 Liters per minute, regardless of training |
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Term
| Sub-max Minute Ventilation |
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Definition
| Lower in trained individual than untrained because a lesser contribution is derived from anaerobic systems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Delta-X Minute Ventilation |
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Definition
| 10-12 In untrained females, 15-20 in trained females, 15-20 in untrained males, 20-30+ in trained males. Extremely high value for a variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intensity in which linear relationship of Ve turns curvilinear with a disproportionate increase |
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Term
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Definition
| Controller of ventilation in medulla and pons in the brain-stem which sends efferent signals to respiratory muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Diaphragm, Internal intercostals, external intercostals, abdominal, scalenes, sternoclenomastoid |
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Term
| Humoral Control of respiration |
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Definition
| Controls respiration by means of chemical and physical properties of the blood which has a slight delayed effect. Utilizes Central and Peripheral Chemoreceptors to detect levels of CO2, pH, and O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Bicarbonate ions combine with protons to form Carbonic Acid which enters Red Blood Cells and is broken down into water and CO2 by carbonic Anhydrase |
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Term
| Ceentral Command Control of Respiration |
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Definition
| Neural factors which are sent from the motor cortex to the respiratory centers which relay signals to increase breathing at the same time and to the same degree as the signals sent to muscles for movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of one diastole of ventricle filling and one systole of ventricle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| Functional variable of the heart measured in liters per minute which is a product of stroke volume and heart rate, acts as a definer of VO2 max |
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Term
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Definition
| Between 4-6 Liters/Min for both untrained and trained individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar values at submax intensities: Q as definer of VO2 max which is constant for sustaining a given amount of work |
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Term
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Definition
| Higher in trained individuals than untrained allowing for a higher PWC and VO2 max |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-4X for untrained females, 5X for trained females, 4-5X for untrained males, 5-6X for trained males |
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Term
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Definition
| Component of Cardiac Output which represents the force or strength of the contraction of the left ventricle measured in mL/beat |
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Term
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Definition
| Higher in trained individuals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Left Ventricular Hypertrophy |
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Definition
| Long lasting mechanism for increased stroke volume characterized by increased wall thickness, diameter, and ventricular mass by longitudinal addition of more sarcomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanism for increased stroke volume which shows up shortly after a stimulus is presented in which increases in absolute amounts of plasma and RBCs increases Venous return and increases stretch on ventricular walls |
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Term
| Frank Starling Phenomenon |
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Definition
| An increase in stretch in the walls of the heart is proportional to an increase in the force of a contraction as a result of more acto-myosin complexes being formed in cardiocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| A percentage of blood volume that is composed of 80% RBCs and other heavier compounds that are in the plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| A variable of cardiac output which reflects the overall frequency of heart contractions expressed in beats per minute. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower in trained individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower in trained individuals at a given intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar due to age related concept of HR max 220-age |
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Term
| Extrinsic Regulation of Cardiac Cyckle |
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Definition
| Neural and hormonal control by neuroendocrine system utlizes the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the Autonomic Nervous system for control |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the Autonomic NS responsible for flight or fight responses characterized by increased heart rate and stroke volume by sending generalized signals via spinal nerves T1-T4 and Neurotransmitters epinephrine and nor-epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| Component of the Autonomic NS which keeps the heart at rest and returns it to normal values after exercise disturbances by means of a generalized response via the Vagus nerve using neurotransmitter Acetyl-Choline |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of electrical activity sent to a muscle |
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Term
| Intrinsic Variables on Cardiac cycle |
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Definition
| Physical or Chemical factors local to the organ itself |
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Term
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Definition
| End Diastolic Volume or the amount of blood remaining in the left ventricle at the end of diastole which is proportional to venous return and stroke volume |
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Term
| Cardiovascular Dynamic Sustainability |
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Definition
| Better venous return is critical factor in stroke volume, cardiac output, and sustainable work |
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Term
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Definition
| Concept in which at any given cardiac output, the blood is directed to certain tissues while being redirected away from others by Vaso Dialation and Vaso Constriction |
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Term
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Definition
| Visceral organs associated with digestion which are vaso constricted during exercise to allow a greater percentage of blood flow to be directed to active muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated Temperature, CO2, Adenosine and H protons which vasodilate arterioles of active tissue to sustain increased blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
| Equation used to determine the amount of VO2 required for rest, all sub maximal intensities, as well as VO2 max consisting of a 50-50 contribution of the products of Cardiac Output and (A-V)O2 Difference |
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Term
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Definition
| Difference between the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood compared to the value of oxygen in the venous blood measured in mL of O2 per 100mL blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Measured in ml/100mL; Artial blood 20, Venous blood at rest ~15 |
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Term
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Definition
| O2 Difference values increase with training since more Oxygen can be extracted when better trained due to local adaptations in muscles and increased perfusion to active sites. Max Diff Values when untrained are less than 15, and differences when trained are above 15 but less than 20. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Greater or Equal to 10X made up of increases from Cardiac output and (A-V)O2 Diff:
Q: 3-5X
(A-V): 2-3X |
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