Term
| resting membrane potential ford neuron |
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Definition
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|
Term
| channel that's always open, mostly open |
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Definition
| leakage (non-gated)channel |
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Term
| channel that needs mechanical stimulus to open (pressure, pain, temp, mech vibration, etc) |
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Definition
| mechanically-gated channels |
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Term
| channel that needs chemical stimulation to open |
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Definition
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Term
| change in voltage stimulates this channel to open |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what two systems maintain homeostasis |
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Definition
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Term
| system responsible for all behaviors, memories and movements |
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Definition
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Term
| small masses of nervous tissue, containing primarily cell bodies of neurons, located outside brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
| what helps regulate the digestive system? |
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Definition
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Term
oligodendrocytes
microglia
astrocytes
ependymal cells
what are they? what part of NS are they in? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Schwann's Cells
Satellite cells
what are they? what part of nervous system are they in? |
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Definition
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Term
| supporting cells that nourish neurons, don't actually have electrical impulses in them |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
pos charged ion
neg charged ion |
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Term
| most common cation, intracellular, membrane permeability is higher bc membranes have more leakage channels for these |
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Definition
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Term
| effect of neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory - T or F |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| for almost all cells, tissues - can have opposite effects at same time |
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Term
| same neurotransmitter may be excitatory in some locations and inhibitory in others, present in both PNS and CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate, gamma aminobutyric acid, glycine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine |
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Definition
| important neurotransmitters in body |
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Term
| anything that enhances transmitters effects |
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Definition
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|
Term
| anything that blocks action of neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| synthesis, release, removal, receptor site - all can be enhanced or inhibited |
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Definition
| ways to modify neurotrans effects |
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Term
what is an EPSP, how does it happen?
post-synaptic cell MORE or LESS likely to reach threshold? |
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Definition
depolarizing postsynaptic potential; results from opening of ligand-gated Na+ channels;
post-synaptic cell less more likely to reach threshold |
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Term
what is an IPSP, how does it happen? what does it do to the cell?
post-synaptic cell MORE or LESS likely to reach threshold? |
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Definition
| inhibitory postsynaptic membrane potential; results from opening of ligand-gated Cl- or K+ channels; causes postsynaptic cell to become more negative or hyperpolarized; LESS likely to reach threshold |
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Term
| loss or destruction of myelin sheaths around axons, what diseases or tx does it accompany? |
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Definition
| demyelination; MS or Tay-Sachs, radiation or chemotherapy |
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Term
| any single episode of demyelination may cause deterioration of affected nerves - T or F |
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Definition
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Term
| neuron with several dendrites and one axon, most neurons in brain and spinal cord are this type |
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Definition
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Term
| one main dendrite and one axon, found in retina, inner ear and olfactory area of brain |
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Definition
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Term
| neuron with dendrites and one axon fused together to form continuous process that emerges from cell body (cell body on side), usually used as sensory receptors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| these neurons 'think', only found in CNS |
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Definition
| interneurons or association neurons |
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Term
| Peripheral NS has these nerves (3) |
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Definition
12 cranial nerves
31 spinal nerves
peripheral nerves |
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Term
| peripheral div into two NS |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Autonomic NS div into 2 systems, describe each |
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Definition
Parasympathetic - R&D
Sympathetic - FFF |
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Term
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Definition
| skeletal muscle, have control over it |
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|
Term
| NS div into two categories |
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Definition
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|
Term
| CNS includes these 2 structures |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Proteins inside of cell membrane (Where voltage is msrd) are neg or pos? |
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Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during depolarization, which channels open/close? |
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Definition
| V.G. Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes in |
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|
Term
| during repolarization, which channels open/close |
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Definition
V.G. Na+ channels close
V.G. K+ channels open, K rushes out |
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|
Term
| 2 reasons for Na+ to come in once gates open? |
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Definition
| diffusion, and pos is attracted neg |
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|
Term
| why does hyperpolarization happen? other term for it? |
|
Definition
too much K+ rushes out, gets more neg
REFRACTORY period |
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|
Term
| must reach threshold to produce A.P., but once reached, it does same thing every time |
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Definition
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|
Term
| movement of A.P. along nerve cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| type of conduction - fat insulates so it can't conduct thru it, impulse jumps |
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Definition
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|
Term
| slower type of conduction, every channel and gate must open |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| conduction velocity depends on 3 factors |
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Definition
myelination
diameter of fiber (thicker is faster_
temp (cold slower) |
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|
Term
| what cation causes release of n.t. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca+ activates vesicles to |
|
Definition
| merge with cell membrane, and thus release n.t. |
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|
Term
| when impulse comes to end bulb, membrane becomes more permeable and ___ channels open, allowing this to enter |
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Definition
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|
Term
pumped back into presynaptic cell
destroyed by enzymes in cleft
diffusion into surrounding area |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| if sensation more intense, how affect action potential? |
|
Definition
| always same, just more frequent |
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|
Term
| neurons either have excitatory or inhibitory fates -fooexplain ea |
|
Definition
excitatory - makes membrane LESS neg by increasing Na+ permeability
Inhibitory - membrane MORE neg by increasing K+ permeability (so inhibits or makes less likely to transmit an impulse) |
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|
Term
| anesthesia happens under ____ response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depolarizing postsynaptic potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| localized anesthesia and neurotoxins work by |
|
Definition
| blocking opening of V.G. Na+ channels, so A.P. can't get past obstruction and pain signals don't get to brain |
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|
Term
| localized cooling also works to decrease pain...why? |
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Definition
| b/c A.P. move slower when cooled |
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|
Term
| descruction of neurons thru prolonged activation of excitatory synaptic transmission, caused by HI levels of glutamate in interstitial fluid in CNS- result of O2 deprivation to brain (stroke) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| episodes of depression alternating with episodes of feeling normal |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| progressive deterioration of myelin sheaths in CNS neurons, |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| local anesthetic given in subarachnoid space |
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Definition
| spinal tap or lumbar puncture |
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Term
| reflex involving extension of leg at knee joint - blocked by damage to sensory or motor nerves, may be absent in ppl with diabetes mellitus or neurosyphilis |
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Definition
| knee jerk (patellar reflex) |
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Term
| plantar flexion of foot -- may disappear with diabetes, neurosyphilis, alcoholism, etc |
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Definition
| achilles reflex (ankle jerk) |
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Term
| blocked bl vsls in brain, persisting neurol symptoms |
|
Definition
| stroke, Cerebrovascular accident |
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|
Term
| how is neuroplasticity maintained thru-out life? |
|
Definition
sprouting new dendrites
synthesis new proteins
cahnges in synaptic contacts with other neurons |
|
|
Term
| how is neuroplasticity maintained thru-out life? |
|
Definition
sprouting new dendrites
synthesis new proteins
cahnges in synaptic contacts with other neurons |
|
|
Term
| how is neuroplasticity maintained thru-out life? |
|
Definition
sprouting new dendrites
synthesis new proteins
cahnges in synaptic contacts with other neurons |
|
|
Term
| how is neuroplasticity maintained thru-out life? |
|
Definition
sprouting new dendrites
synthesis new proteins
cahnges in synaptic contacts with other neurons |
|
|
Term
| Does PNS or CNS have ability to repair? |
|
Definition
PNS = limited ability
CNS = No ability |
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|
Term
| Does PNS or CNS have ability to repair? |
|
Definition
PNS = limited ability
CNS = No ability |
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Term
| factors preventing neurogenesis in CNS |
|
Definition
inhibited by neuroglia
absence of growth stimulating factors
lack of neurolemmas
rapid formation of scar tissue |
|
|
Term
| Brain and spinal cord - have lack of neurogenesis...T or F? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Brain and spinal cord - have lack of neurogenesis...T or F? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| brain receives ___% of total blood supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what arteries carry blood to brain?
what veins carry away? |
|
Definition
| internal carotid and vertebral arteries; jugular veins |
|
|
Term
| what protects brain from harmful substances? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| absorbs shock and protects brain and spinal cord, helps transport nutrients and wastes from bl and nervous tissue, circulates thru cavities in brain, spinal cord and subarachnoid space - clear fluid |
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Definition
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
|
|
Term
| how many spinal nerves are there, what type? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Cervical (C1-C8)
Thoracic (T1-T12)
Lumbar (L1-L5)
Sacral (S1-S5)
Coccygeal |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| network of capillaries in walls of ventricles - ventricles lined with ependymal cells |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| plasma drawn from choroid plexuses thru ependymal cells into ventricles to produce ___ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, regulated by hypothalamus |
|
Definition
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|
Term
acute, sharp, pricking pain
OR
chronic, burning, aching or throbbing pain |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| pain felt in or just deep to skin overlying stimulated organ or in surface area far from stimulated organ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| some sympathetic preganglionic axons pass thru sympathetic trunk without terminating on it. Beyond trunk, they form ___ which extend to prevertebral ganglia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T5-T9 or T10 -- which splanchnic nerve?
T10-T11
L1-L4 |
|
Definition
Greater splanchnic nerve
Lesser splanchnic nerve
Lumbar splanchnic nerve |
|
|
Term
| 2 pathways (shoots) in front of nerve by nerve root |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 pathway (shoot) in back of nerve by nerve root |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| internal organization of nerve |
|
Definition
| axons -- fascicles -- nerve |
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|
Term
| On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny Very Good Vehicle Any How |
|
Definition
Olfactory - Optic - Oculomotor
Trochlear - Trigeminal - Abducens
Facial - Vestibulocochlear - Glossopharyngeal - Vagus - Accessory - Hypoglossal |
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Term
| released by many PNS neurons and some CNS, excitatory on NMJ but inhibitory on others |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is released by nearly all excitatory neurons in brain and is inactivated by specific transporters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a GABA agonist - enhances it's inhibitory effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibitory neurotransmitter for 1/3 of all brain synapses |
|
Definition
| GABA(gamma aminobutyric acid) |
|
|
Term
| autonomic motor neuron travels with ___ out of spinal cord |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Somatic reflex always stimulates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| somatic motor efferent neuron - describe |
|
Definition
| myelinated, cholinergic neuron. |
|
|
Term
| skeletal muscles have what kinds of receptors? What's the gate? |
|
Definition
| Cholinergic - Nicotinic receptors; ACh gated Na+ - Ligand channels |
|
|
Term
| ALL PSNS neurons are _____ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| If neuron gives off ACh, it is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If neuron gives off NE, it is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if there is an andregernic neuron, we know we are in ___ nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cholinergic receptors receive:
2 types: |
|
Definition
ACh;
Nicotinic and Muscarinic |
|
|
Term
Andrenergic receptors receive (2) ___ ;
5 types |
|
Definition
NE and Epi;
Alpha 1,2 and Beta 1,2,3 |
|
|
Term
| autonomic pathways always stimulate (3) |
|
Definition
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands |
|
|
Term
| all nerves affecting PSNS come from where? |
|
Definition
craniosacral --
Cranial nerves 3.7.9.10
Sacral nerves 2-4 |
|
|
Term
| PSNS neurons synapse take place where in body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FX of
I Olfactory
II Optic
III Oculomotor |
|
Definition
I Olfactory - smell
II Optic - sight
III Oculomotor - pupil constriction and eye mvmt |
|
|
Term
FX of
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminal
VI Abducens |
|
Definition
IV Trochlear - eye mvmt - looking down or midline
V Trigeminal - chewing, facial pain and touch
VI Abducens - eye mvmt - eyes move FROM midline |
|
|
Term
FX of
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
IX Glossopharyngeal |
|
Definition
VII Facial - facial expressions, anterior 2/3 taste, and touch and pain from ear
VIII Vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance
IX Glossopharyngeal - swallowing, posterior 1/3 taste, senses in mouth |
|
|
Term
FX of
X Vagus
XI Accessory nerve
XII Hypoglossal |
|
Definition
X Vagus - Controls everything in abdominal region
XI Accessory - shoulder/head mvmt
XII Hypoglossal - tongue mvmt |
|
|
Term
| where do SNS synapses take place? |
|
Definition
| in paravetebral sympathetic trunk region |
|
|
Term
| Where are SNS nerve roots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
preganglionic is myel or unmyel?
postganglionic is myel or unmyel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
preganglionic is myel or unmyel?
postganglionic is myel or unmyel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In SNS, what type neuron are postganglionic? |
|
Definition
| andrenergic unmyelinated (giving off NE) |
|
|
Term
| 3 routes for SNS synapse to happen? |
|
Definition
| synapse with ganglionic neuron at current level, go up or down chain to synapse with ganglionic neuron at higher or lower level, go straight to organ area thru SPLANCHNIC nerve to synapse with ganglionic visceral neurons |
|
|
Term
Postganglionic neuron in PSNS is ___ type
(same in SNS is ___) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ACh to Nicotinic Receptors -- ACh to muscarinic receptors |
|
|
Term
ACh to Nicotinic Receptors -- NE to Adrenergic receptors
OR
ACh to Adrenal Medulla -- releases NE and Epi into bloodstream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pelvic splanchnic nerves contain |
|
Definition
| preganglionic parasympathetic fibers |
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|
