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Definition
| evolutionary change causing physiology, anatomy, and behavior to match environmental constraints |
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| persistent changes in an organism due to prolonged exposure to novel conditions that are present in an experiment |
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| persistent changes in an organism due to prolonged exposure to novel conditions in nature |
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| output acts to limit subsequent output |
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| output acts to increase subsequent output |
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| 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Energy in any system is constant (conserved) |
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| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Systems tend towards disorder (entropy increases) |
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| transfer of energy and molecules in organisms |
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E + S > ES > E + P
Enzyme, substrate,
enzyme-substrate complex, product |
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| the energy available to do work at a given temperature and pressure |
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Definition
G = H – T S
Where H = enthalpy (heat)
T = absolute temperature (°K = 273 + °C)
S = entropy (amount of disorder)
G is negative when heat is produced and entropy increases. Reaction is spontaneous.
Reactions with a positive G require additional energy. |
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Definition
[C] [D]
K'eq = _______
[A] [B] |
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Term
| Michaelis-Menten equation |
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Definition
Vmax [S]
Vo= ————
Km + [S]
Describes the effect of substrate concentration on reaction velocity Km is the substrate conc. At ½ Vmax |
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Definition
The inhibitor binds to the active site and competes with the substrate for binding.
At low [S], the competition effectively lowers the [S] at the active site, thereby lowering the reaction rate.
Km is increased. It appears as if the enzyme has less substrate affinity.
At very high [S], S overcomes the inhibition because so few inhibitor molecules can reach the active site.
Vmax does not change. |
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| Non-Competitive Inhibitors |
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Definition
The inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme and inactivates it.
The effect is to reduce the total [E] available for catalysis.
Vmax is reduced because Vmax is proportional to total [E].
Remaining active enzyme molecules are unaltered, so Km is not changed. |
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| Ohm’s law for DC (direct current) circuits |
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Definition
V = I R
V = voltage (potential, electromotive force)
unit: volt (V)
I = current (movement of charge)
unit: ampere (A)
R = resistance (opposes current flow)
unit: ohm ()
one kind of impedance
C = capacitance (stored charge)
unit: farad (F)
another kind of impedance |
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Definition
All of the current in a circuit that leaves a source returns to that source.
Currents distribute themselves according to resistances |
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Definition
RTOTAL = R1 + R2 + R3 … RN
resistance increases with increase in resistors |
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1/ RTOTAL = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 … 1/RN
resistance decreases with increase in resistors |
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Definition
conc 1 - conc 2
Diffusion rate (J) = -D x ———————————-----
distance |
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Definition
| movement of any solutes across a cell membrane or epithelium |
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Definition
| a state of minimal capacity to do work. No additional change can occur without additional energy gain to or loss from the system. |
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Definition
movement of material towards equilibrium, uses energy in the same gradient
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion, uses transporters |
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Definition
can move material away from equilibrium, requires additional energy
Primary—uses ATPase (pump)
Secondary—uses energy from a second gradient |
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Definition
no change in electrical potential
example: stomach proton pump |
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Definition
membrane potential changes
example: Na-K ATPase |
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Definition
| a transporter protein moves two solutes in the same |
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Definition
| a transporter protein moves two solutes in opposite |
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Definition
specialized membrane channels for water transport
No active transport has been observed for oxygen or water |
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Definition
the osmotic pressure from about 1 mole of an ideal nonelectrolyte dissolved in a liter of water
Mammalian blood—about 290 mOsm
Seawater—about 1000 mOsm |
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| Nernst Potential (Equilibrium Potential) |
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Definition
ENa = RT ln [Na+]o
ZF [Na+]I
convert to log10 multiply RT/ZF by 2.3
R = Gass Constant
T = Kelvin
Z = Valence
F = Farade Constant |
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Definition
| alaine, valine, phenylalanine, lysine, serine |
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| creates glucose, stored as glycogen |
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| isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine |
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| lipids > mixed carbs > hydrated glycogen > mixed protein |
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Definition
gastropod feeding apparatus
varies in species dependent on feeding type (herbivore/ detritivore) |
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| 1st site of alimentary canal in ruminant (cows, sheep, deer) animals. Primary place of microbial fermentation/breakdown of plant material. |
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| pouch that marks the beginning of the large intestine. receives waste from small intestine |
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Definition
large intestine, rectum, anal canal
reinfuse with own bacteria to keep culture grwoing in cecum |
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Definition
mouth, esophagus
constantly reinfected with bacteria |
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| Digestive enzymes can act at 3 places: |
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Definition
1. Intraluminal enzymes
2. Membrane-associated enzymes
3. Intracellular enzymes |
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Definition
| proteases that cut between amino acids |
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Definition
| preotease that remove terminal amino acids |
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| Cells of the gastric (stomach) epithelium |
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Definition
Parietal cells—produce HCl and secrete it into the lumen
Chief cells—secrete digestive enzymes
(e.g. pepsins as pepsinogens)
G cells—secrete gastrin (positive feedback) |
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Definition
| storage chamber at bottom of esophagus, in insects and birds |
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| used by birds to grind food |
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| extend into body cavity of insects aid in removal of nitrogenous waste and solids |
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| combined liver and pancreas found in crustaceans |
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| store food particles where nutrients are absorbed in mullusks |
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| break down of food inside cell |
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Definition
| intestinal epithelium cell secrete mucin |
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Definition
| intestinal epithelium cell take up nutrients |
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| intestinal epithelium cell divide to produce other cell types |
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| Enteroendocrine (chromaffin) cells |
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Definition
| intestinal epithelium cell secrete hormones involved in digestion |
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Definition
| intestinal epithelium cell secrete lysosomal enzymes to control bacterial populations |
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| rhythmic contractions of the gut; gut has own nervous system, contract circular and longitudinal muscles |
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| nerve cells in intestine that control contractions |
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| released by small intestine to signal when food is present (tells other organs you are full) |
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| Cell of the Pancreas; secrete trypsin, chymostrypsin, carboxypeptidase, amylase, lipase, and nuclease |
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| Cell of the Pancreas; secrete bicarbonate |
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| secrete hormones regulating serum glucose levels |
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| is the ability to perform mechanical work; ability to increase order |
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| in the breaking and forming of chemical bonds |
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Definition
| in the separation of charge (+ and -) |
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| organized movement of molecules |
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| molecular motion in random directions |
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| 3 Things Absorbed Chemical Energy is used for |
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Definition
| 1. Biosynthesis (growth) 2. Maintenance (leaves as heat) 3. Generation of External Work (lost in movement) |
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| Efficancy of Energy Transformation |
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Definition
output of high-grade energy
Efficiency = —————————————
input of high-grade energy
~30% typical |
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Term
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Definition
C = P + R + F + U
C = energy content of food consumed over a unit of time P = production (energy in growth and gametes) R = energy lost in heat during metabolism F = energy in feces U = energy in excretions (nitrogenous wastes) |
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| Ways to measure metabolic rate |
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Definition
| 1. 02 uptake 2. CO2 release |
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Term
| Specific dynamic action (SDA) |
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Definition
| the rise in metabolic rate from the energy of ingested food |
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Term
| Respiratory Exchange Ratio |
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Definition
Rate of CO2 production
= ———————————
Rate of O2 consumption |
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