Term
| constituitive activity of receptors causes the hyperreflexivity. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The initial spinal shock causes hyporeflexia. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Use it and improve it. one of the principles of neuroplasticity. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| lots of practice is better than little or no practice. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do learned locomotor patterns decline without use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does RELEARNING of loccomotion occur? |
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Definition
| at a faster rate than initial learning. |
|
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Term
| how does stand training effect motor behavior? what about if you then tried to get them to walk? |
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Definition
| the animals that were trained could stand for a long time. they cannot walk though, so SPECIFICITY IS IMPORTANT |
|
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Term
| anterior spinothalamic tracts carry pain, these are close to corticospinal tracts. so if they have sensation, especially pain, its a good idea to work them hard right away. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| strychnine inhibits inhibition of neuron (allows them to fire) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does strychnine reveal in stand-trained cats? |
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Definition
| it reveals the stepping pattern is still there, so even though you stand trained them, its not like you abolished the stepping pathway, you just need to tap into it. |
|
|
Term
Complete injury – NE a2
agonist initiates walking in cats
Incomplete injury – 5HT2 agonist
facilitates weight support in cats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
10 days of drug (NE) + training gives the same improvement as 6 weeks with no drug.
this shows that the drugs can improve plasticity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| baclofen opens potassium channels to make it leaky, its harder to get a depolarization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Modulate ionic channels
Easier to activate motoneurons – same synaptic input for =
greater amount of force output (Hornby et al 2009, Thompson et al
2011)
Easier to activate/coordinate central pattern generators
Change protein synthesis (long term) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does changing speed of the treadmill affect walking? |
|
Definition
| the faster the treadmill, more stretch on the hip flexor, causes walking to happen. |
|
|
Term
| stretch, load (Ib afferent), and changing direction all mater! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sensory inputs are important? |
|
Definition
Load through stance-phase limb
Too little – reduced Ia, Ib, cutaneous
input
Too much – 1) can’t bear weight and 2)
Doesn’t allow swing initiation in late
stance
Hip extension in late stance
Stretch of sartorius muscle activates
whole limb flexion
Moving limb back increases stretch
earlier . .
Moving limb forward reduces swing
initiation
hip flexion in swing triggers limb extension. |
|
|
Term
| what type of symptoms do you get from dorsolateral SC damage? |
|
Definition
Corticospinal, rubrospinal tracts
impaired fine control, anticipatory responses to environment |
|
|
Term
| what type of symptoms do you get from ventrolateral SC damage? |
|
Definition
Reticulospinal, vestibulospinal (majority)
impaired posture (extensor activity), coordination |
|
|
Term
| DOES THE BRAIN PLAY A ROLE AT ALL? |
|
Definition
| yes, degree of locomotor recovery is dependent on damage. |
|
|
Term
Following recovery,
complete lesion
results in immediate
impairment in
performance.
what does this mean? |
|
Definition
| this means that the plasticity was happening in the brain. if it were all in the spinal cord, cutting the cord would not have led to an impairment in performance. |
|
|
Term
| delayed hemisection helps recovery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| short distance connections to reform nerve pathways, and SSRI's antagonists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
APPLICATION TO HUMANS POST-SCI:
BODYWEIGHT SUPPORTED TREADMILL TRAINING |
|
Definition
Results:
Patients with complete SCI
demonstrate locomotor-like patterns
Patients with incomplete SCI may
improve walking better than “control”
physical therapy (however, Dobkin et
al. 2006, 2007) (this shows that its better than neurodevelopmental therapy) |
|
|
Term
| dobkin et al 2006 showed that there was no difference in improvement with treadmill vs overground walking. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why doesnt the robotic walker get as big an improvement as when therapists walk the patient? |
|
Definition
1. slacking factor, they aren't trying as hard
2. no mistakes, no cerebellar error signal |
|
|
Term
Kinematic variability
- Allowing exploration of various movement solutions to
accomplish a task (Cai, 2006; Ziegler, 2010)
- Greater changes in symmetry and kinematic consistency
(Hornby, 2008; Lewek, 2009) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Task and environmental variability
- Error augmentation improves symmetry post-stroke (Reisman
et al in press)
- Stepping in different directions, overground/obstacle/stairs vs
forward stepping alone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sideways walking improved forward walking a lot. animals who had obstacles during training and stairs got better than those who didnt (variability is good!) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Mott and Sherrington (1895)
Unilateral deafferentation
Some proximal muscle activation, possibly postural “reflex” responses
Loss of distal musculature/grasp
Assumption that motor behaviors require intact reflex responses
Repeated by Sherrington (1931), Twitchell (1953)
Potential movement with food-deprived monkeys with restraint
(Munk 1909) |
|
Definition
| with a little bit of motivation, you can get recovery! |
|
|
Term
E. TAUB(1958 - 1981)
Conditioned responses following unilateral
deafferentation
Motivation to use limb could be increased/maintained if
controlled in precise pattern
Motor requirements must be simple
Repeated practice afford learning opportunities
Experimental paradigm
Right-handed reaching movement within 3.5 s otherwise
painful stimulus
left-handed restraint
20 trials of specific flexion movement, no visual guidance
Successful reaching occurred with training following
deafferentation within 45 days |
|
Definition
| repeated practice helps. if you leave the jacket on for a while, eventually you will regain |
|
|
Term
BI-VS. UNI-LATERAL
DEAFFERENTATION |
|
Definition
Bilateral impairment results in restoration of
functional movements
Deficits in precision, timing, duration of task
performance
Could perform static tasks, some control without
substituted feedback
Age-related changes following deafferentation
Complete deafferentation injuvenile and adolescents
also results in recovery of performance
Prenatal unilateral deafferentation results in functional
recovery |
|
|
Term
| LEARNED NON-USE HYPOTHESIS |
|
Definition
Motivation may be a driving force
Some temporary loss of function regardless of
intervention - Learned helplessness
Continued lack of recovery - Reinforcement of behavior
with intact limb |
|
|
Term
| what is the forced use paradigm? |
|
Definition
Motivation to perform a “functional” task
(saliency)
Method of successive approximation – shaping
Initial reward for any movement of impaired limb
Increasing requirements with increasing performance
Example strategy for prehension (Taub 1980)
Reaching accurately towards food – no grasp
Opening hand at end of reach
Grasping food with all fingers
Thumb-forefinger prehension
Improving dexterity of prehension |
|
|
Term
| cortical reorganization (nudo et al 1996) |
|
Definition
In the acute and
subacute phases of
recovery after stroke
reduced motor cortex
excitability
decreased cortical
representation of
paretic muscles
Behavior (use)
determines motor cortex
physiology and
behavioral change |
|
|
Term
| schieber 2001 revisiting the homonculus. |
|
Definition
What is published in textbooks
isn’t exactly what Penfield saw |
|
|
Term
| cortical organization with TEMS |
|
Definition
cortical motor area
sizes in the damaged
hemisphere in a single
subject eliciting
responses in abductor
pollicis brevis (APB)
before and after CIMT.
• increase in cortical
representation in the
affected hemisphere |
|
|
Term
PRUNING OF CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
CONNECTIONS OCCURS AT AN EARLY AGE |
|
Definition
“critical window” for
development of CST and
subsequent pruning |
|
|
Term
| IPSILATERAL CONNECTIONS ARE PRESERVED FOLLOWING NEONATAL BUT NOT ADULT HEMISPHRECTOMY |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cortical alterations in healthy individuals, you get increased cortical representation with training. |
|
Definition
Pascuale-Leone et al. 1995;
skill acquisition during
learning of a motor task
Repeated, paced practice of
a simple piano task
Improvements in
performance throughout
task practice
Increase motor cortical
map of trained finger
flexors/extensors
(probability of eliciting
MEPs of 50 V)
No effects on untrained
cortex, small maps on
control subject |
|
|
Term
| does mental practice help |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the global effects of exercise? |
|
Definition
Neeper et al. 1995, 1996
• Increase in BDNF mRNA in
hippocampal area with
voluntarywheel running
• Degree of BDNF upregulation dependent on
exercise ran per day
•Also increases in lumbar
spinal cord, cerebellum and
cortex
•Long and short-term
alterations in executive
function with exercise in
humans (Winter 2006 –
BDNF and short term
learning) |
|
|
Term
1. Use it or Lose it Failure to drive specific brain functions can lead to functional
degradation
2. Use it and Improve it Training that drives a specific brain function can lead to an
enhancement of that function
3. Specificity The nature of the training experience dictates the nature of
the plasticity
4. Repetition Matters Induction of plasticity requires sufficient repetition
5. Intensity Matters Induction of plasticity requires sufficient training intensity
6. Time Matters Different forms of plasticity occur at different times during
training
7. Salience Matters The training experiencemust be sufficiently salient to induce
plasticity
8. Age Matters Training-induced plasticity occurs more readily in younger
brains
9. Transference Plasticity in response toone training experience can enhance
the acquisition of similar behaviors
10. Interference Plasticity in response to one experience can interfere with the
acquisition of other behaviors |
|
Definition
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|
