Term
Lichtheim's Model
Brocas Area |
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Definition
| which is responsible for speech output |
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Term
Lichtheims model
Wernickes area |
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Definition
| process the sound images of words and this information is then fed forward through a nerve fiber trace, the arcuate fasciculus |
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Term
Lichtheims Models
Concept Center |
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Definition
| the input from wernickes ares is disconnected causes transcoritical sensory aphasia/ the output from the concet center cant reach brocas are causes transcortical motor aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
| lesion to a specific region of the left hemisphere causes a loss of fluent speech even though the persons speech comprehension is relatively spared |
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Term
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Definition
| sentences do not fit a standard structure, but seem more like a telegram or text message, words produced tend to be only content words such as nouns and verbs/ no endings example ing |
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Term
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Definition
| disrupted speech comprehension along with fluent but nonsensical speech output |
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Term
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Definition
| their output is a jumble of words |
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Term
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Definition
| hard to comprehend not only because the words are combined in a way that makes little sense but also because of errors in producing specific words |
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Term
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Definition
| made up words that follow the rules for combining sounds in the language yet are not real words |
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Term
conduction aphasia:
Inability to repeat
damage to what.. |
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Definition
Langauge comprehension and speech production would be intact, yet the person would not be able to repeat what was just heard becuase sound images recieved by wernickes area could not be conducted forward to brocas area to be produced
Often make phonemic paraphasias may substitute or omit words or may be unable to say anything
Large nerve fiber tract known as the acruate fasciculus along with sorrounding tissue |
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Term
| Transcoritcal sensory aphasias |
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Definition
| symptoms similar to those of patients with wernickes, except that they can repeat words and they exhibit echolia |
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Term
| transcortical motor aphasia |
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Definition
| these patients show the same deficits as those shown by patients with brocas aphasia except that they reatin the ability to repeat |
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Term
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Definition
| often repeat compulsively |
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Term
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Definition
| neither the ability to comprehend language nor the ability to produce it |
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Term
N400 ERP compnent
semantics |
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Definition
| when a word either visual or auditory in a sentence violates semantic expectation such as he spread the warm bread with socks |
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Term
P600 ERP component
syntax |
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Definition
| occurs when the sentence makes no sense semantically but nonetheless has grammatical violation such as the boiled watering can smoke the telephone in the cat |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to read during childhood is lost as a consequence of brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to read during childhood is lost as consequence of brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
| alexia without agraphia or agraphia with out alexia. the neural control systems for reading and writing are seperable to some extent and do not critically rely on each other |
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Term
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Definition
| two distinct routes whereby information in visual linguistic format can be linked to meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| sounds is mediator in the process of associating print with meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| disrupted phonological route but an intact direct route. little trouble reading previously learned words (meaning can be extracted directly from the visual form: regular/irregular) disability with reading nonwords or words that are unfamiliar |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to read nonwords but also show difficulties reading errors in which a word is misread as a word with a related meaning (semantics paralexias) ex forest-> woods |
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Term
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Definition
| print is directly associated with meaning without the phonological intermediary. used for irregular words like colonel |
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Term
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Definition
| can manually or orally spell regular and irregular words in dictation but perform poorly with nonwords ex shallice |
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Term
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Definition
| reasonable spelling can be produced, both manually and orally, for virtually any regular word or non word but spelling or irregular words are poor |
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Term
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Definition
| problem arises in the linkage to meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to process more than one letter at a time to read all the letters in a word or to appreciate the overall form of a group of letters |
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Term
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Definition
| can recognize a single letter of a single word in isolation but cant recognize the same letter of a word if it is precented along with items of the same kind. |
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Term
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Definition
| consistently misreads the beginning of the end of a word such as misreading discount as mount |
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Term
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Definition
| individual letters can be identified but they cant be intergrated to form a word |
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Term
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Definition
| memories are reconstructions not copies |
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Term
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Definition
nature of any new memory depends on old information already stored in memory
Where sensory information is kept for a very brief period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| active maintenance of information in short term storage |
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Term
STM
working memeory
REHEARSAL |
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Definition
| process of keeping information in STM by mentally repeating it |
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Term
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Definition
visuospatial sketchpad
visual and spatial matieral: remembering layout, location of a building
Phonological loop: specialized for verbal matiral, lists
Central executive: Controls attention/Integrates information/Manages activities-initiates retrieval from LTM/decision processes |
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Term
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Definition
| process of transforming our emotions, perceptions, and thoughts into an enduring (hopeful) memory |
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Term
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Definition
| process of maintaining information in memory over time |
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Term
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Definition
| process of bringing memories which have been previously encoded and stored into the conciousness mind |
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Term
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Definition
connections b/w neurons strengthened by communicating with each other
strengthening lasts for hours or weeks: can last for long time
occurs in several pathways in hippocampus
can be induced rapidly
allows neurons that fire together to wire together |
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Term
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Definition
| global regarding modality (visual, auditory, ect) and material (verbaland non verbal) |
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Term
what is spared?
WM digit span task |
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Definition
working memory and skill learning
H.M's ability was normal
7+/-2 (the magic number)
however his performance could not complete extended digit span (one new digit added each time)
normal healthy subjects can do around 20 (using LTM) |
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Term
Implicit memory (skill learning)-
Mirror tracing task |
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Definition
| allows prior experience to affect behavior without conciously retrieving the memory or even being aware of it |
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Term
Bilateral, medial temporal lobes+Hippocampus
Type of amnesia:
Deficits: |
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Definition
antergrade/retrograde amnesia
in learning new information after the onset of amnesia |
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Term
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Definition
| learning new information after the onset of amnesia is impossible |
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Term
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Definition
| impairment in memory for information that was acquired priorto event that caused the amnesia |
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Term
| Time line of retrograde amnesia |
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Definition
| extends less than 60 minutes before the injury: can extend back to decades |
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Term
Retrograde amnesia:
Variablity of severity |
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Definition
| can be temporally or can go back decades |
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Term
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Definition
| typically there is greater compromise of more recent memories than more remote memories this effect is often referred to as the temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia |
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Term
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Definition
| those autobiographical memories that are specific to our own particular experience that includes context about the time |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge that allows the formation and retention of facts, concepts, categories, and word meaning and retention of information about ourselves and the people we know such as where they live, their occupations and interests ect |
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Term
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Definition
| procedural memory: appears to support memory of how things should be done allowing for the acquistion and expression of skill |
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Term
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Definition
different aspects of same memory stored in various locations: likely stored in same locations as perceptual process occured
EX: attending a concert: images of band stored in occipital cortex or temporal occipital areas |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with memory and relations |
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Term
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Definition
those with parkinsons and huntingtons disease show deficits in implicit memory and skill learning
Habit learning
Serial RT task |
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Term
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Definition
emotional memory
learning of emotional responses: fear conditioning
Damage leads to decreased ability to access information about this internal states |
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Term
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Definition
detailed recollections of when and where we heard/saw shocking events: 9/11
Not always entirely accurate, but often more so than mundane events |
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Term
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Definition
Medial-> episodic
Anterior-> semantic |
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Term
Hippocampus
consolidation model |
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Definition
| temporal gradient explained |
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Term
hippocampus
mulitple trace theory |
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Definition
| nature of memory trace shifts to more general forms of memory--> memory becomes more independent of hippocampal system |
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Term
| Hippocampus and retrieval |
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Definition
| different portions of hippocampus involved in encoding vs retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
| reactivation of LTM ie a smell giving rise to visual and auditory items |
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Term
Prefrontal areas and retrieval
activation levels related to effort required |
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Definition
posterior: amount of activation correlated to amount of effort required (NOT success of retrieval)
More effort required due to poorer encoding of item-> less effort due to better encoding |
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Term
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Definition
patients with deficits in working memory can dissociate from having any LTM deficits
Deficits can vary across aspects of working memory: Phonological store
Visuo-spatial sketchpad |
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Term
LTM working memory
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
damage causes impairments in..
even with the smallest delays between presentation of material and task
Human Research: damage causes impairments in more complex manipulation aspects of working memory- more tied with central executive conception |
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Term
Emotion
Amygdala
Emotional appraisal |
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Definition
essentially our appsraisal of a situation causes an emotional or affective, response that is going to be based on that appraisal
projects to:
hippocampus and prefrontal areas
hypothalamus and autonomic and hormonal systems |
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Term
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Definition
| damage disrupts fear conditioning damage also disrupts reward based learning |
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Term
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Definition
response and activation to negative stimuli speculated to be greater
likely due to arousal level of negative vs positive stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
thalamus-> amygdala
immediate fear response |
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Term
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Definition
thalamus-> cortex->amygdala
more detailed processing
cortex can the instruct amygdala to maintain, increase, or decrease response |
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Term
Dopaminergic pathways (basal ganglia to midbrain)
Reward and pleasure centers |
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Definition
| specifically pathway from ventral segmental area of midbrain to nucleus accumbens (ventral part of basil ganglia) |
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Term
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Definition
| the sens of the phsyiological condition of the body |
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Term
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Definition
tucked deep inside the sylvian fissure. emphasis is special role in disgust
Disgust: the posterior regions represent primary sensory represtations such as taste and more anterior insular regions integrate these sensations with awareness |
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Term
| anterior cingulate cortex |
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Definition
| attention, selection, motivation, emotion, and pain: emotional saliency |
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Term
| Emotion, motor, cognition interface |
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Definition
ventral: emotion
dorsal: cognition |
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Term
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Definition
is especially important for learning in situations that require the individual to respond to changing patterns of rewards and punishment
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Term
| Evaluation or reward and punishment |
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Definition
decision making
Damage-> lack of inhibition poor learning from past losses/gains |
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Term
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Definition
attempts to manage the emotions that one experiences so that theyre socially appropriate and do not spiral out of control
occurs on a daily basis
some via behavioral mechanisms ex avoiding situations
some via cognitive mechanisms |
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Term
| Increased and decreased activity |
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Definition
increased: frontal lobes
Decreased- subcortical and posterior areas |
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Term
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Definition
changing emotional experience vis changing meaning of emotional aspects of stimuli
can consciously regulate amygdalas response to emotional stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
ability to recognize and produce is universal
universality hypothesis: emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyon eg everyone understands a smile equals happiness
people are quite accurate at judging emotional expressions of other cultures
people who've never seen the expressions do them naturally |
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Term
| RH and face processing and facial expressions |
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Definition
| right hemisphere specialization for both recognizing and producing facial expressions of emotion. right hemisphere damage particularly to temporal and partial regions of the brain, disrupts the ability to recognize faces much more than does comparable left hemisphere damage |
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Term
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Definition
| a bias toward showing more the left portion of the face. more expression is expressed on the left side of the face |
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Term
Capgras syndrome
deficits |
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Definition
damage to neural connections b/w temporal lobe and limbic system. specifically the facial recognition ares (fusiform face area) and amygdala
typically believe that one or more of their family members and or friends are imposters
no emotional link to face conclude that that person must not be the real one |
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Term
connection severed b/w amygdala and fusiform face area
prosody |
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Definition
vocal cues such as pitch or frequency, stress, intensity and timing
affective prosody: communicates the emotional context or tone of an utterance: ex sarcasm
propositional prosody: comminucates lexical or semantic information |
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Term
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Definition
| deficits in comprehension of prosody as a result of brain damage, damage associated with the region around the sylvian fissure on the right side of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| frontal lobe damage, poor production of emotional prosody but intact comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
| temporporiatal damage within intact production of emotional prosody but poor comprehenion |
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Term
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Definition
| widespread damage to the right hemisphere with deficits in both spontaneous production and comprehenion of prosody |
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Term
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Definition
approach and withdrawal are the two most basic actions and responses to stimuli in enviornment
approach emotions
withdrawal emtions
increased activity in LH frontal regions
increased activity in RH frontal regions
most evidence supported by EEG asymmetrics and correlation to persons disposition at baseline
more optimistic peopel->increas LH frtonal
more pessitimistic people -> increased RH frontal
same trends hold for transient changed in mood |
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Term
| approach vs avoidance emotions |
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Definition
| anger is only real problem can show appraoch or withdrawal behaviors in anger |
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Term
| activation pattern seems to fit w/action taken |
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Definition
LH approach: more opptimistic or positive outlook
RH avoidance/withdrawal: negative outlooks
pattern of activation in prefrontal areas with depressed patiens |
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Term
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Definition
| arousal or emotional intensity is relfected in activity of posterior sections of the right hemisphere. emotions are best described by two fundamental dimenstions: valence (pleasant vs unpleasant) and arousal (high vs low intensity) frontal regions are asymmetrically involved in the valance aspect of emotion, where as the posterior right hemisphere is involved in the arousal aspect. |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of frontal activation; same as approach withdrawal pattern;s higher cognition (such as action) |
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Term
late positive potential
what does it respond to? |
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Definition
shows physiological response to high arousing pictures
positive or negative
pleasant and unpleasant pictures |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic; controlled processing |
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Term
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Definition
| a cognitive system that enables relative atomatic process, which has developed over time through learning a single stimulus may result in a relatively automatic strong of actions referred to as a shcema |
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Term
| supervisory attentional system |
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Definition
| is the cognitive system required to efforfully direct attention and guide action through decision processes, it is active only in certain situation; when no preexisting processing schemsa are available as ocorus in novel situations. the task is technically difficult when problem solving is required and when cretain typical response tendencies much be overridden |
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Term
| evidence from lesion patients |
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Definition
| loss of supervisory attentional system, leaving contention scheduling and routines intact |
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Term
Perseveration
(no deficits in well learned behaviors) |
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Definition
| the behavior of repeating the same action or thought over and over again |
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Term
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Definition
| actions are impelled or obligated by the phsycial and social enivornment |
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Term
| hierarchical levels of control |
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Definition
frontal lobes important in regulation of behaviors in non routine situation or when behavior needs to be constrained/inhibited
Lowest-automatic
Middle: executive and supervisory
highest: metacognition and self relfection: the ability to reflect upon a cognitive process |
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Term
| Evidence from lesion patients |
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Definition
one of the main fxns of frontal lobes is the organization of behavior and controlling non automatice/intentional behaviors
damage to frontal lobes can result in: inability to deal w/novely
lack of cognitive flexibility
inability to guide behavior, self criticize, self monitor |
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Term
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Definition
ability to guide behaviors toward a goal are multifacted
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Term
Initiating
psychological inertia |
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Definition
resistance or disinclination to motion, action, or changel. patients with executive dysfuntion are poor at starting an action or a behavior, but once engaged in it they have great difficult stopping it.
Prefrtonal damage |
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Term
Creating and maintaing
Attentional set |
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Definition
process that designates which information is relevant to the tast
damage: dorsolateral prefrontal region
Frontal Lobe damage patients wander off task
more activity is observed ind orsolateral prfrontal context when individuals make the selection themselves
frontpolar cortex is involved in multiple tasks
Damage to frontpolar crotex have difficult in managaing sub goals, greater impairment in managment of mulitple goals |
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Term
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Definition
| determining what steps to take to attaint the goal and the order or sequence in which those steps must be taken |
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Term
| Self ordered pointing task |
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Definition
| mid dorsolateral prefrontal cortex critical for these types of tasks: individuals are shown array of items, all of which read the same category, shown view number of sheets, sequentially of same items, but in different order |
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Term
| tower of london: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and frontopolar cortex involved |
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Definition
| used to examine planning and sequencing abilities. requires individual to move the balls at one time from an initial position to a target configuration in a few moves as possible while keeping in mind the constrains impose by the hight of each prong |
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