Term
|
Definition
| short stature (caused by decrease in growth hormone before puberty) |
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Term
|
Definition
| decrease in growth hormone before puberty |
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|
Term
| Manifestations of dwarfism in the picture? |
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Definition
| short stature...proportionate growth...decreased growth of soft tissue |
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Term
| Manifestations of dwarfism not shown in the picture |
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Definition
| decreased metabolic rate.. no mental retardation.. 2/3 develop infantilism |
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Term
| Cause of partial pituitary insufficiency? |
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Definition
| impaired secretion of growth hormone after puberty |
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Term
| Manifestations of partial pituitary insufficiency? |
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Definition
| severe pallor... decreased metabolic rate.. weight loss due to anorexia.. pretmature senility... |
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Term
| Cause of panhypopituitarism |
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Definition
| generalized failure of the anterior pituitary gland accompanied by a decrease in all AP hormone secretion |
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Term
| manifestations of panhypopituitarism |
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Definition
| hypothyroidism... decreased glucocorticoids.. decreased gonadotropic hormones.. severe pallor.. weight loss.. premature senility |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increase in growth hormone before puberty |
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Term
| Manifestations of gigantism in the picture? |
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Definition
| increase in height, increase in growth of soft tissue, proportionate growth |
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Term
| Manifestations of gigantism not shown in the picture? |
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Definition
| Infantile gonads..hyperglycemia |
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Term
| Complications of gigantism? |
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Definition
| Hyperglycemia , infantile gonads(?), DM, panhypopituitarism |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increase in growth hormone secretion after puberty |
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|
Term
| Manifestations of acromegaly in the picture? |
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Definition
| protruded mandible, protrusion of supraorbital ridges, enlarged nose, **enlarged HANDs**, +- enlarged tongue, lips, disproportionate growth |
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|
Term
| Manifestations of acromegaly not in the picture? |
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Definition
| kyphosis, enlarged feet, coarse thick skin, increase in body and scalp hair, hyperglycemia |
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Term
| Complications of acromegaly? |
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Definition
| Hyperglycemia, 25% have diabetes, deficiency of other AP hormones due to pressure atrophy |
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Term
| Hyperprolactinemia leads to: |
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Definition
| Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, infertility, impotence in male |
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Term
| Cause of Diabetes Insipidus |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of diabetes insipidus |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Increase in thyroid hormone secretion due to a)LATS or b)localized adenoma in thyroid tissue |
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|
Term
| Level of TSH in thyrotoxicosis |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Manifestations of thyrotoxicosis shown in the picture |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Manifestations of thyrotoxicosis not shown in the picture |
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Definition
| Increased metabolic rate, intolerance to heat, increased sweating, red warm soft wet skin, tachycardia, nervousness, insomnia, fine tremors of outstretched hand, weight loss, diarrhea, muscular weakness |
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Term
|
Definition
| a) edematous swelling of the retro-orbital tissue b) degenerative changes in the extraocular muscles due to antibodies in the blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deficiency in thyroid hormone in adults |
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|
Term
| Manifestations of myxedema shown in the picture? |
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Definition
| Bagginess under the eyes, swelling of the face, yellow skin, **pretibial myxedema**, brittle nails, coarse hair |
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|
Term
| Cause of edematous swelling in myxedema? |
|
Definition
| increased quantities of mucopolysaccharides in the interstitial space which increases the total quantity of insterstitial fluid. |
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|
Term
| Manifestations of myxedema not shown in the picture? |
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Definition
| Decreased metabolic rate, decreased tolerance to cold, muscular weakness, constipation, husky voice, somnolence, anemia, decreased heart rate and cardiac outpu |
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|
Term
| Complications of myxedema? |
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Definition
| Bradycardia, Arteriosclerosis, Hypertension, constipation (?), Hypoventilation (?) |
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Term
|
Definition
| decrease in thyroid hormone during fetal life, infancy and childhood. |
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|
Term
| Manifestations of cretinism shown in the picture? |
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Definition
| Short stature, disproportionate growth, soft tissue enlarge excessively, obese stocky appearance, enlarged protruded tongue, thick lips, bulging abdomen |
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Term
| Manifestations of cretinism not shown in the picture? |
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Definition
| mental retardation, delayed milestones (eruption of teeth, closure of fontanels, sitting, walking), speech defects, incontinence of urine and feces |
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|
Term
| complication of cretinism |
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Definition
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|
Term
| causes of decreased thyroid hormone secretion |
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Definition
| endemic colloid goiter, goitrogenic substances, idiopathic nontoxic colloidal goiter, abnormalities in the enzyme system required for thyroid hormone formation, congenital lack of thyroid gland (cretinism), failure of thyroid gland to produce TH (cretinism) |
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|
Term
| Cause of hyperparathyroidism |
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Definition
| increase in secretion of parathyroid hormone (tumor in gland) |
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|
Term
| Manifestations of hyperparathyroidism shown in the picture (XRAY) |
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Definition
| decalcified bone, ostitis fibrosa cystica |
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Term
| manifestations of hyperparathyroidism not shown in the picture |
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Definition
| muscle weakness, constipation, hypercalciuria and hypercalcemia, depression of the central and peripheral nervous system, depressed relaxation of heart during diastole, calcium phosphate crystals |
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|
Term
| complications of hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| calcium phosphate crystals may deposit in alveoli, thyroid gland, tubules of the kidney (renal stones) and walls of arteries. |
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|
Term
| Name the sign shown in the picture |
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Definition
| Carpal spasm/ chvosteks sign/ trousseaus sign |
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|
Term
[carpal spasm]
calcium level? |
|
Definition
| 7-9 mg% (assuming its provoked - could be spontaneous) |
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|
Term
[chvosteks/trousseaus]
calcium level? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Manifestations of hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| Hypocalcemia -->manifest tetany(convulsions, carpopedal spasm, laryngeal spasm, diaphragm spasm) or latent tetany. |
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|
Term
| How is chvosteks sign produced? |
|
Definition
| by tapping the angle of the jaw to stimulate the facial nerve and cause contraction of the ipsilateral facial muscles. |
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|
Term
| how is trousseaus sign produced? |
|
Definition
| occlusion of the circulation by tying a blood pressure cuff around the arm and arresting the blood supply for 2 mins. |
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|
Term
| Cause of addisons disease? |
|
Definition
| decrease in adrenocortical hormone secretion (due to atrophy of adrenal cortex, tuberculous destruction or cancer) |
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|
Term
| Manifestations of addisons disease shown in the picture? |
|
Definition
| melanin pigmentation of mucous membranes and skin (blotches), |
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|
Term
| Manifestations of addisons not shown in the picture |
|
Definition
| hypoglycemia between meals, hypotension, acidosis, weakness of heart muscle, anemia, generalized weakness |
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|
Term
| why does addisons cause anemia? |
|
Definition
| cortisol increases the production of RBCs. |
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|
Term
| Cause of melanin deposition in addisons? |
|
Definition
| depression of cortisol produces negative feedback to increase ACTH and MSH secretion. both MSH and ACTH increase formation of melanin pigments due to having similar chemical structures. |
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|
Term
| Cause of cushings syndrome |
|
Definition
| hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex (due to tumor of the adrenal cortex or hyperplasia caused by increased ACTH) |
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|
Term
| Manifestations of cushings sydrome shown in the picture |
|
Definition
| moon face, buffalo hump (+-), red face, purplish striae (+-) |
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Term
| manifestations of cushing syndrome not shown in the picture |
|
Definition
| acne, histrutism, hypertension (80%), hyperglycemia, muscle weakness, suppressed immune system, osteoporosis, euphoria, poor wound healing |
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|
Term
| complication of cushings syndrome |
|
Definition
| hypertension, hyperglycemia, adrenal diabetes --> frank diabetes mellitus |
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|
Term
| Tidal volume : definition, value |
|
Definition
| The volume of air inspired or expired each cycle during normal quiet breathing. 500ml. |
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Term
|
Definition
| It is the maximal volume of air which can be inspired after a normal inspiration. 3000ml. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the maximal volume of air which can be expired after a normal expiration. 1100ml. |
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Term
|
Definition
| It is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration. 1200ml. |
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|
Term
| Inspiratory Capacity definition, value |
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Definition
| It is the maximal volume of air which can be inspired from the resting expiratory level. TV + IRV = 3500 ml. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The volume of air remaining at the lungs at the resting expiratory level. RV + ERV = 2300ml |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| it is the maximal volume of air which can be expired by the lungs by maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration. TV + IRV + ERV = 4600ml |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the volume of air contained in the lung at the end of maximal inspiration. IRV + ERV + TV + RV = 5800ml |
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|
Term
| What is measured by a spirometer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the helium dilution method measure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why cant TLC FRC RV be measured using a spirometer? |
|
Definition
| because air in the residual volume of the lungs cannot be expired into the spirometer |
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|
Term
| Formula for calculating FRC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 30%, increases in obstructive lung disease eg bronchial asthma |
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|
Term
| VC increases/decreases PHYSIOLOGICAL |
|
Definition
| PHYSIOLOGICAL increases in athletes, decreases in females, old age, pregnancy, recumbant position. |
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|
Term
| VC increase/decreases PATHOLOGICAL |
|
Definition
| decreases in: polimyelitis and mythenia gravis, kyphosis, scoliosis, obstructive lung disease (eg bronchial asthma), restrictive lung disease (eg pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis), intraabdominal masses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| subject inspires as deeply as possible and expires as rapidly and forcefully as possible into a spirometer. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| FEV1 decreases in obstructive lung disease, normal in restrictive lung diseases (cuz both FEV1 and FVC are reduced proportionally) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| maximal volume of air that can be breathed per minute using the fastest rate and deepest respiratory effort |
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|
Term
| examples of obstructive diseases |
|
Definition
| asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of obstructive lung diseases |
|
Definition
| decreased FEV1/FVC ratio, increased RV and TLC, increased RV/TLC ratio |
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|
Term
| examples of restrictive lung diseases |
|
Definition
| interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, lung congestion |
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|
Term
| characteristics of restrictive pulmonary diseases |
|
Definition
| reduced TLC RV VC FRC, normal FEV1/FVC ratio |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 125 ml/minute... no symptoms of kidney failure until it falls below 30 ml/min |
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|
Term
| PAH clearance test measures? |
|
Definition
| effective renal plasma flow = 630 ml/min |
|
|
Term
| creatinine clearance test measures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| urea clearance test preferred because? |
|
Definition
| no introduction of foreign substances, easier to perform. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cm= UxV/P = 75 ml/min, used when urine volume >= 2ml |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Cs=Ux√V/P = 54 ml/minute, used when urine volume <2ml/min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 20-40 mg%, increases when more than 75% of normal tissue is damaged |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| normal 1.1 mg%, in renal disease reaches 10+ mg% |
|
|
Term
| blood inorganic phosphate |
|
Definition
| normal 3mg%, increases in advanced kidney disease to 25 mg% |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 7.4+-0.02, 7.38+-0.002 . acidosis and lowering of alkali reserve are features of renal failure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal 1.5 L/day. Moderate renal failure: increases. Acute renal failure: can fall to zero. Chronic renal failure: usually diminished. |
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|
Term
| specific gravity of urine |
|
Definition
| normal 1010-1020. haemodilution: may drop to 1002. Dehydration: may rise to 1025+ |
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|
Term
| Water diuresis test results? |
|
Definition
| after 5 hours, urine must be >800ml SG<1010. if SG doesnt fall, distal tubule is impaired. |
|
|
Term
| water concentration test results? |
|
Definition
| after 12 hours, urine SG should be 1025. If below 1020, dehydration due to impaired loop of henle and distal convoluted tubule. |
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|
Term
| eg of radioopaque substance used during intravenous pyelography? what does it show? |
|
Definition
| diodrast. shadows of renal pelvis, ureters, UB. failure --> depressed renal clearance. |
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|
Term
| eg of radioactive substance used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advantage of intravenous pyelography? |
|
Definition
| can measure the function of each kidney separately |
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