Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "Bridge," 90% of descending motor axons synapse on pons |
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Term
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Definition
| coordination, voluntary movement |
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Term
| Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) |
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Definition
| Diffuse, interconnected network for arousal. Recieves sensory info&readies neurons in spinal cord, thalamus and cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Medulla, Pons, ARAS, Cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (Roof) super colliculus (quick visual orientation), inferior colliculus (quick auditory orientation) |
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Term
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Definition
| (Floor) Central Grey, Midbrain Reticular Formation, Substantia Nigra, Red Nucleus |
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Term
| Central (Periaquaductal) Grey |
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Definition
| increases pain tolerance, stimulation causes aggressive behavior |
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Term
| Midbrain Reticular Formation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Brings motor info from brain to spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland |
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Definition
| Paraventricular nucleus (stress), Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus (Food), Preoptic area (sleep) |
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Term
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Definition
| organize survival behaviors, homeostasis, controls automatic division of PNS, produces hormones |
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Term
| Relay Nuclei (Thalamic Nuclei) |
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Definition
| project to primary cortices (ex. Ventrolateral nucleus - primary motor cortex) |
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Term
| Association Nuclei (Thalamic Nuclei) |
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Definition
| project to cortical association areas (Pulvinar - non-primary visual areas) |
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Term
| Reticular Nucleus of the Thalamus |
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Definition
| controls what is projected to the cortex by modulating the output of other thalamic nuclei -It does not project to the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
Layers 5 and 6: output
Layer 4: input
Layer 2 and 3: inter-cortical
layer 1: few cell bodies, lots of dendrites, receiving area |
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Term
| Supragranular layers in the Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| Granular Layer in the Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| Infragranular Layers in the Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 3 Parts: Caudate&Putamen = Striatum, Globus Pallidus, input arises from entire cortex, output focused on motor cortex, with inhibitory influence |
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Term
| Nigrostriatal system disrupted by...? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substantia nigra projects to striatum via this, which synapses with the caudate and putamen |
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Term
| symptoms of Basil Ganglia dysfunction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (Basil Ganglia Damage) disinhibition of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| (Basil Ganglia Damage) inhibition of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| (Basil Ganglia Damage) tremor, inbalance, and later rigidity |
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Term
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Definition
| (Basil Ganglia Damage) tics (mostly in head and neck) and vocal tics |
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Term
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Definition
| (Basil Ganglia Damage) dancing movements of head, neck, arms; progresses to dementia and pschosis |
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Term
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Definition
| (Basil Ganglia Damage) caused by prenatal trauma, but also genetic component; spastic and writhing (athetoid) movements and poor balance |
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Term
| Basil Ganglia massively influence... |
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Definition
| corticospinal motor systems, but not spinal cord itself |
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Term
| Direct Basil Ganglia Path |
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Definition
| facilitates movement, damage results in hypokinesis |
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Term
| Indirect Basil Ganglia Path |
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Definition
| inhibits movement, damage leads to hyperkinesis |
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Term
| Loss of DA for Basil Ganglia means... |
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Definition
| BOTH Hyper- and Hypo- kinesis |
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Term
| Parkinson's and Basil Ganglia |
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Definition
| Parkinson's increases activity of part of globus pallidus, so LESIONS to this would relieve symptoms of Parkinson's |
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Term
| Major Components of Limbic System |
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Definition
| Fornix, Olfactory bulb, Mammillary body, amygdala, hippocampus, massa intermedia, corpus callosum, cingulate (limbic) Cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| declarative, explicit, context-dependent, autobiographical |
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Term
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Definition
| gateway into and out of the hippocampus (Episodic memories) |
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Term
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Definition
| induces hippocampal theta encoding |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Places of Acetylcholine Production |
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Definition
| Nucleus Basalis/"Basil Forebrain," Septum, Pontine Sleep Center |
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Term
| Acetylcholinergic neurons in Basil Forebrain... |
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Definition
| involved in activating cerebral cortex, facilitates learning, especially perceptual |
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Term
| Cholinergic receptors: Nicotinic |
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Definition
| nicotine and ACh activates these receptors, located at neuromuscular junction, ionotropic, in PNS and CNS |
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Term
| Muscarinic (Cholinergic Receptors) |
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Definition
| Muscarine (shrooms) and ACh activates, located in sympathetic neurons, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex, metabotropic, in PNS and CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Forebrain (Basil Forebrain) to limbic system and cortex (Septal nucleus, nucleus basilis of Meynart), Neuromuscular Junction to PNS, Temental Nuclei in midbrain (FYI only) → thalamus → reticular formation, cerebellum, and vestibular nuclei |
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Term
| Acetylcholinesterase Blockers |
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Definition
| can treat (For short time) Alzheimer's, improves memory and attention, Sarin Nerve Gas, Insecticides, treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, Botulinum Toxin |
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Term
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Definition
| affects ACh system, stimulates receptors - used to induce trance during tribal ceremonies |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks muscarinic ACh receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates neurons with ACh receptors, which then release DA |
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Term
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Definition
| PNS at neuromuscular junction, blocks nicotinic ACh receptors, paralysis for use during surgery |
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Term
| botulinum toxin in ACh system |
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Definition
| (at the neuromuscular junction) blocks release of ACh - cosmetically relaxes facial muscles, medically used to reproduce spasms, dystonias. |
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Term
| black widow spider venom in ACh system |
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Definition
| continuous and intense release of ACh - repetitive painful muscle contractions and spasms |
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Term
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Definition
at least 5, D1, D2, there are also inhibitory autoreceptors (presynaptic.
All are metabotropic. |
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Term
| DA implicated in what diseases? |
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Definition
| Parkinson's (L-DOPA used to treat disease), Schizophrenia (DA blockers used to treat illness), reward mechanisms (ex. ADHD), Attention |
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Term
| addictive drugs trigger the release of DA in the Nucleus Accumbens |
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Definition
| amphetamine, coke, opiates, nicotine, alcohol, PCP and cannibis |
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Term
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Definition
| for treatment of Schizophrenia and Tourette's disease |
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Term
| Disulfiram affecting DA system |
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Definition
| blocks enzyme dopamine beta hydroxylase - thereby blocking the breakdown of DA resulting in increased DA but decreased NA (causes over-sensitivity to alcohol and is used to make alcoholics feel sick when drinking (also known as antibuse) |
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