Term
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Definition
| AP, Spike,nervous impulse, conduction signal |
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Term
Autonomic nervous system
synonym |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| synaptic knob,synaptic bouton, presynaptic terminal |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell soma, nerve cell body |
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Term
cell membrane of an axon
synonym |
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Definition
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Term
| what Glial cell in the central nervous system nerve cells act like scavengers |
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Definition
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Term
| What do ependymal cells do? |
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Definition
| Create compartments, produce stem cells |
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Term
| WHAT DO OLIGODENDROCYTES CELLS DO? |
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Definition
| wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths and secrete neurotropic factors |
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Term
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Definition
| take up neurotransmitters, secrete neurotropic factors, form the blood brain barrier and provide substrates for ATP production |
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Term
| List cells of central nervous system |
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Definition
Microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocyte
astrocytes |
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Term
| WHAT GLIAL CELLS ARE IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM |
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Definition
Satellite cells
schwann cells |
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Term
In the nervous system which cells are more abundent?
Glial or neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the cerebrospinal fluid? |
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Definition
| Fluid in the centralnervous system. Circulates and distributes nutrients and picks up waste products |
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Term
| What does the peripheral nervous system include |
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Definition
| all neural tissue outside the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
| Function of the satellite cells |
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Definition
| support the cell bodies of neurons |
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Term
| what do the schwann cells so? |
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Definition
| wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths and secrete neurotropic factors |
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Term
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Definition
| the region where an axon terminal communicates with a postsynaptic target cell |
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Term
| What ate the p4 parts of a neuron |
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Definition
Dendrite
cell body
axon
synaptic terminal |
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Term
| List the 6 steps for neurons to send mesages |
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Definition
1. peptides are synthesized on rough ER and packaged by the golgi apparaus
2. fast axonal transport walskvesicles and mitochondria along microtubule network
3. Vessel contents are released by exocytosis
4. synaptic vesicle recycling
5. retrograge fast axonal transport
6. Old membrane components digested in lysomomes |
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Term
| Describe properties of graded potentials- |
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Definition
-can be produced by all cells
produced in dendrites and cell bodies ofneuronsmagnitude strength can vary
magnitude decreases with distance from intial site
no minimum voltage change required to intiate (no threshold)
two graded potientals can sum togethercaused by opening of ion channels |
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Term
| what does myelin consists of? |
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Definition
| multiple layers of cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| is a section of unmyelinated axon membrane between two schwann cells |
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Term
| where are action potientals regeneragted? |
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Definition
| at each node of ranier along the axon |
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Term
| the resting membrane potiental of living cells is primarily determined by? |
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Definition
| K+ concentration gradient and the resting cells permability to Na+; K=and Cl- |
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Term
| Must have GP's to generate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Graded potientals -amplitude decrease with |
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Definition
| distance. The stronger the initial stimulus, the further the signal will travel |
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Term
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Definition
| type of electrical signal and are a result of neurotransmitter binding to a receptor which causes ion channels to open. |
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Term
| What ion movement causes depolarizing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ion movement causes hyperpolarizing |
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Definition
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Term
| During repolarization of a nerve fiber what happens to potassium? |
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Definition
| potassium ion leaves the cell |
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Term
| The conduction of an action potiental along an axonoccurs at what kind of velocity? |
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Definition
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Term
Whithout much moreinformation, which of the following would be most likely to be discrupted by a lower than normal ca2+ avaiability?
a. fast axonal transport
b. absolute refractory period'
c. threshold voltage
d. Neurotransmitter release |
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Definition
| D. neurotransmitter release |
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Term
| A geneticmutation has resulted in a neuron whose voltage-gated Na+ channels are missing their inactivation gates. The mutation has nott affected the activation gates what observation do you expect to see. |
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Definition
a. APs will lose strength along the length onf the axon.
b. APs will fire erractically or be conducted in both directions along the axon
c. THere will be no termination of depollarization after the intial trigger event |
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Term
| what reasons might you suggest to explain why stretching the nerve dissrupts its function? |
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Definition
| stretching could distroy the integrity of the cell membrane or could pop open channels that would allow ions to move between cell and the exracellular fluid. |
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Term
| What are the 3 motor efferent pathways? |
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Definition
Autonomic
smooth/cardiac muscle
somatic |
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Term
| What are the 2 autonomic motor (efferent pathways) |
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Definition
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic |
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Term
| Describe autonomic sympathetic pathway? |
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Definition
fight or flight
increase heart rate
decrease digestive activities |
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Term
| Desce=ribe autonomic parasympathetic pathway? |
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Definition
rest/digest
decrease heart rate
increase digestive activies |
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Term
| Describe somatic motor efferent pathway |
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Definition
| somatic- controls sketal muscle by releasing actycholine onto nicotinic receptors |
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Term
Describe graded potiental?
type of signal
occurs where
types of gated ion channels involved
type of signal
strength of signal
what intiates signal |
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Definition
type of signal? input signal
Occurs? usually in dendrites and cell body
Types of gated ion channels involved? Mechanically, chemically or voltage gated channels involved
ions involved? Na+, Cl-, Ca2+
Tpes of signals? depolarizing(Na+) or hyperpolarizing (Cl-)
Strength of signal? depends on intial stimulus can be summed
What intiates signal? Entry of ions through gated channels |
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Term
Describe action potiental?
type of signal
occurs where
types of gated ion channels involved
type of signal
strength of signal
what intiates signal |
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Definition
type of signal? regenerating conduction signal
occurs where? Trigger zone through axon
types of gated ion channels involved? voltage gated channels
type of signal? Depolarizing
strength of signal? all or none cannot be summed
what intiates signal? above threshold graded potiental at the trigger zone opens ion channels |
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Term
| Unique characteristics of graded potiental? |
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Definition
-no minimum level required to intiate
-two signals coming close together in time will sum
-intial stimulus strength is indicated by frequency of a series of action potientals |
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Term
| Unique characteristics of action potiental? |
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Definition
threshold stimulus required to intiate
-refactory period: two signals too close together in time cannot sum |
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Term
Describe properties of action potientals?
Threshold stimulus?
Produced by?
Produced in?
Magnitutude?
Can sum together?
Causedby what? |
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Definition
Threshold stimulus? (to-50mV) required to intiate
Produced by? axons in the neurons
Produced in? axons of neurons
Magnitutude? all or none
Can sum together? CANNOT SUM together
Causedby what? opening of voltage-gated channels |
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Term
| Graded potiental brings Vm to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe depolarization phase of action potiental? |
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Definition
| Due to Na+ entry when Vg Na+ channels is open->+30mV |
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Term
K+
extracellular fluid range
intracellular fluid |
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Definition
K+
extracellular fluid range-5mM (normal range 3.5-5)
intracellular fluid (mM) 150mM |
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Term
Na+
extracellular fluid range
intracellular fluid |
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Definition
Na+
extracellular fluid range 145mM (normal range 135-145)
intracellular fluid mM (15mM) |
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Term
The voltage gated Na+ Channel
When does it open? Closes? |
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Definition
| The vooltage-gated Na+ channel has a fast activation gate that opens -50mV. There is also a slow inactivation gate that closes the channel around +30 mV |
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Term
| A fast action gate does what to the channel? |
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Definition
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Term
| A slow inactavation gate does what to the channel? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what mV are the fast activation and slow inactivation gates triggered? |
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Definition
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Term
| At the hyperpolarization phase the Vm gets more negative than? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the positive feedback of the sodium channel. |
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Definition
| The opening of some voltage-gated Na+ channels causes the membrane to depolarize, which then cause the opening of more voltage-gated channels |
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Term
| What are refractory periods? |
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Definition
| refractory periods are times when the membrane is less sensitive to depolarizing stimuli |
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Term
| What cannot be reproduced in an absolute refractory period? |
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Definition
| In the absolute refractory period, noother AP can be produced. because Na+ channels are not in the resting state some are inactive. |
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Term
| In the relative refactory period can you generate AP? |
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Definition
| It might be possible to generate another AP because some Na+ channels are back in the resting state. |
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Term
| How do you know if you are touching something warm versus something hot? |
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Definition
| Larger GPs lead the membrane being at or above the threshold voltage for longer, so more AP's are produced. More neurotransmitters are released |
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Term
| Describe the conductionof action potiental 5 steps |
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Definition
1. a graded potiental above threshold reaches the trigger zone
2. voltage gated Na+ channels open, and Na+ enter the axon
3. positive charge flows into adjacent sections of the axon by local current flow.
4. Local current flow from the active region causes new sections of the membrane to depolarize
5. The refractory period prevents backward conduction. Loss of K+ from the cytoplasm repolarizes the membrane. |
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Term
| What disease leads to the loss of myelin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Electrical signals are regenerated where? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hyperexcitable cells depolarize resting Vm |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease in excitiability of cells hyperpolized resting Vm |
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Term
| What enzyme is considered "stop signal" |
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Definition
| Acetylocholinesterase (AChE) |
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Term
| Desribe 5 steps to neurotransmitter release |
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Definition
1. an action potiental depolarizes the axon ternminal
2. The depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+channels, and Ca2+ enters the cell
3. Calcium entry triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicle contents
4. Neurotransmitter diffuses actros the synaptic cleft and binds with the receptors of the postynaptic cell
5. Neurotransmitter binding intiates a response in the postsynaptic cell |
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Term
| What is neurotransmitter release |
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Definition
| cell to cell communication uses chemical and electrical signaling to coordinate function and maintain homestasis |
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Term
| What are two types of cholinergic receptors |
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Definition
1. Nicotinic receptor
2. Muscarinic Receptor |
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Term
| Describe the 4 steps of Enzymatic degradation and re-uptake of ACH |
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Definition
1. Acetylcholine (ACh)is made from choline and acetyl CoA
2. In the synaptic cleft ACh is rapidly broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase
3. Choline is transported back into the axon terminal by cotansport with Na+
4. Recycle choline is used to make more ACh |
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Term
| If the ion channel that is opend depolarizes the membrane (ex Na+) it is called the ? |
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Definition
| excitatory post-synaptic potiental (EPSP) |
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Term
| while the ion channel is open that hyperpolarize the membrane (K+) is called |
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Definition
| inhibitory post-synaptic potiental (IPSP) |
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Term
| Define neurotansmitter termination |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter action terminates when the chemicals are broken down, are taken up into cells, or diffuse away from the synapse |
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Term
| Describe the 3 steps of neurotransmitter termination |
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Definition
1. Neurotransmitters can be returned to axon terminals for reuse or transported into glial cells
2. Enzymes inactivate neurotransmitters
3. Neutransmitters can diffuse out of the synaptic cleft. |
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Term
| Describe synaptic connectivity |
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Definition
-the activity of each neuron is controlled by the activity of all the neurons that synapse with it. '-each neuron only makes and releases one kind of neurotransmitter (NT)
-Some NT's are excitedatory while others are inhibited
Excitatory NTs increase the chance that the post-synaptic neurons has AP while inhibitory NT decrease the chances of an AP |
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Term
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Definition
| all 3 pre-synaptic neurons produce EPSPs and, if they all fire at the same time, their EPSP will sum to produce a larger membrane potiental change. If the change hits threshold (-50nV) at the trigger zone an AP will occur in the post-synaptic neuron |
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Term
| Spatial summation-EPSP and IPSP |
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Definition
| 1 IPSP and 2 EPSP will sum, but if they total voltage changes does not hit threshold, then the post-synaptic neuron will not produce AP |
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Term
| Describe 3 steps of presynaptic inhibition |
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Definition
1. An excitatory neuron fires
2. An action potiental is generated
3. An inhibitory neuron fires, blocking neurotransmitter release one synapse. |
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Term
| Describe 4 steps of postsynaptic inhibition |
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Definition
1. One excitatory and one inhibitory presynaptic neuron fire
2. modified signal in postsynaptic neuron below threshold
3. Action potiental intiated at trigger zone
4. No reponse in any target cell |
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Term
Acetycholine (ACh)
receptor
type
rectptor location |
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Definition
Recptor-
1. Cholinergic
2. Nicotinic- type ICR (Na+; K+) Location Sketal muscles, autonomic neurons, CNS
3. Muscarinic Type: GPCR; Location Smooth cardiac muscles; endocrine and exocrine glans, CNS |
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Term
Norepinephrine
receptor
Type
Location |
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Definition
receptor-Adrenergic
Type: GPCR
Location: Smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, CNS |
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Term
Dopamine:
receptor
Type
Location |
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Definition
receptor: dopamine
Type: GPCR
Location: CNS |
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Term
Serotonin (amine)
receptor
Type
Location |
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Definition
receptor: Serotonergic
Type: ICR (Na+; K+) GPCR
Location: CNS |
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Term
Amino Acid
Glutamate:
Type
Location |
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Definition
Type: Na+, K+, Ca2+
Location: CNS |
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Term
Amino Acid:
GABA
Type
Locationr |
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Definition
Type: ICR (Cl-), GPCR
Location: CNS |
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Term
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Definition
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