Term
| Term: Function of body parts; how life works |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: How things work together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Physiology gone wrong; disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Structural units of life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Stem cells specialize into specialized cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three tissue types? |
|
Definition
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelial |
|
|
Term
| What are muscular tissues made of? |
|
Definition
| Actin and myosin proteins |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of muscular tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
| Pumps blood; heart movements |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of smooth muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
| Responsible for involuntary muscle movement (artery tubes, gut, moves blood and chyme) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of nervous tissue? |
|
Definition
| Conducts electrical impulses and is in control of skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| How fast is nervous tissue communication? |
|
Definition
| Very fast (within a millisecond) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of epithelial cells? |
|
Definition
| Absorption and secretion of ions and molecules |
|
|
Term
| Where can epithelial tissues be found? |
|
Definition
| Lining digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts; skin |
|
|
Term
| How is epithelial tissue classified? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Epithelium one cell layer thick |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Epithelium more than one cell layer thick |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Epithelium with cilia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a place in the body where ciliated epithelium can be found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the internal environment of the body like? |
|
Definition
| Aqueous with extra-cellular fluid |
|
|
Term
| Term: Relative constancy of internal environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the regular pH of the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Regulates constant glucose except after meals; role of liver |
|
Definition
| Homeostatic Control System |
|
|
Term
| What is the total amount of body water in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two fluids in the body make up extracellular fluid, and how many liters are there of each? |
|
Definition
Interstitial fluid, 11L
Blood plasma, 3L |
|
|
Term
| Term: Fluid that makes up 2/3 of total body water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much intracellular fluid is in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a natural buffer of the human body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give a few examples of what homeostasis controls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of chemical messengers? |
|
Definition
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Autocrine glands
Paracrine glands |
|
|
Term
| Term: Cycle of body patterns that happen once every 24 hours, including becoming sleepy and waking up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 0 degrees Celsius in Fahrenheit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 degrees Celsius in Fahrenheit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 10 degrees Celsius in Fahrenheit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 15 degrees Celsius in Fahrenheit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 20 degrees Celsius in Fahrenheit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 25 degrees Celsius in Fahrenheit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 30 degrees Celsius in Fahrenheit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 35 degrees Celsius in Fahrenheit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 40 degrees Celsius in Fahrenheit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many natural elements are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules and macromolecules |
|
|
Term
| 99% of all living things are made up of which elements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Capacity to do work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three subatomic particles? |
|
Definition
Proton (P)
Neutron (n)
Electron (e-) |
|
|
Term
What is the atomic weight of a:
Proton?
Neutron?
Electron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Number of protons in nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: In an uncharged atom, the number of P = e- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Atoms with different numbers of neutrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of ions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Charged atom or molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functional groups we should have memorized? |
|
Definition
OH- (Hydroxyl)
CH3 (Methyl)
COOH (Carboxyl)
NH2 (Amino)
PO4 (Phosphate) |
|
|
Term
| What does hydroxyl look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does methyl look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does carboxyl look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does amino look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does phosphate look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of chemical bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of covalent bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Atom/molecule in which electrons are shared unequally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Atom/molecule in which electrons are shared equally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Dissolves in water; water-loving, polar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Doesn't dissolve in water; water-fearing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Scale that determines acidity and alkalinity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: If H+>OH- then the substance is a H+ donor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| False, it's an H+ acceptor |
|
|
Term
| Term: Minimizes change of pH, adds H+ or OH- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Two adjacent regions with different concentrations of particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Solute molecules move from high concentration to a low concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Force needed to prevent water movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Carbohydrates are NOT an organic molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Carbohydrates are formed in a CH2O ratio. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Single-ringed carbohydrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Double-ringed carbohydrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Two monosacchardes coming together to form a disaccharide and a water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a common monosaccharide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a common disaccharide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Adding water to split molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Many chains of monosaccharides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two very important polysaccharides in the cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Molecules made of sugars + proteins in the cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Molecules made of sugars + lipids in cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Fats; soluble in nonpolar solvents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are lipids hydrophobic/hydrophilic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the carbon skeleton of glycerol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Fatty acids with only single C-C bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Fatty acids with one or more C=C double bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + choline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Four-ringed organic compound that performs some function to body (ex: testosterone) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a VERY important steroid in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Large molecules with diverse functions made of amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do amino acids differ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Bonds that link amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two groups do peptide bonds connect to link amino acids? |
|
Definition
| Carboxyl group to the amino group |
|
|
Term
| Show the makeup of an amino acid |
|
Definition
H H O
| | |
N- C -C=OH
| |
H R |
|
|
Term
| True/False: # and sequence of amino acids are related to protein properties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four levels of protein structure? |
|
Definition
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary |
|
|
Term
| Describe primary structure of proteins |
|
Definition
| A sequence of amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Describe secondary structure of proteins |
|
Definition
| Conformation; folding chain of amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Describe tertiary structure of proteins |
|
Definition
| Folding of alpha helix upon itself |
|
|
Term
| Describe quarternary structure of proteins |
|
Definition
| 2 or more chains fitted together |
|
|
Term
| What are the two nucleic acids we learned about? |
|
Definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
|
|
Term
| What structures make up a nucleotide? |
|
Definition
| PO4 (phosphate group) + C5 sugar + Nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of nitrogenous bases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the known purines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the known pyrimidines? |
|
Definition
Cytosine - C
Thymine - T
Uracil - U |
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference between purines and pyrimidines |
|
Definition
Purines - double-ring
Pyrimidine - single-ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Cyclic AMP? |
|
Definition
| Amplifies hormone signals |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Coenzymes such as NAD are partly made from adenines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the difference between DNA and RNA |
|
Definition
Deoxyribose sugar vs. Ribose sugar
T vs. U
2 stranded helix vs. 1 strand
Antiparallel strand vs. 1 strand
DNA + histone = chromosomes; RNA not in chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| Term: Monosaccharide + monosaccharide -> Disaccharide + H2O |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many bonds are between A-T? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many bonds are between C-G? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the hydrogen bonds between the base pairing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Disaccharide + H2O -> Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Show the hydrolysis of ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three major parts to the Cell Theory? |
|
Definition
All organisms are made of cells
New cells can only be made from pre-existing cells
All cells have the same fundamental chemical make-up |
|
|
Term
| What are the two broad classes of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cytoplasm made up of? |
|
Definition
Cytosol
Organelles
Plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are the two processes of cell metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Synthesis of cells - metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Breakdown of cells - metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Organelles that function as protein factories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Segment of DNA; code for 1 polypeptide chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Exiting of protein out cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of obtaining energy? |
|
Definition
| Food molecules are broken down by enzymes from lysosomes, and the energy is used to form ATP |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
Maintaining cell membrane
Protection
Allowing movement in/out cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of organelle membranes? |
|
Definition
| Seperate organelle from rest of cell |
|
|
Term
| Term: Organelle that is the site of DNA/RNA synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Each somatic cell's DNA's genetic info is a little different |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Sum of all genes in cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of RNA? |
|
Definition
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of mRNA? |
|
Definition
| Information; which amino acid added; sequence |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of tRNA? |
|
Definition
| Brings certain amino acid to ribosome |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of rRNA? |
|
Definition
| Add proteins; form ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the nuclear pores? |
|
Definition
| Allow molecules to pass in/out of nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Term: Small molecules in cytosol that make up macromolecules to provide cell functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of rough ER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of smooth ER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of secretory vesicles in the golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
| They carry macromolecules to the cell membrane, and fuse to it for exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of endocytosis? |
|
Definition
Phagocytosis (cell eating)
Pinocytosis (cell drinking) |
|
|
Term
| Term: Enzymes that use oxygen to remove wastes in cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Powerhouse of cell; has double membrane; uses O2 and food to form ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules |
|
|
Term
| Term: Period of cell growth, protein synthesis, DNA replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Period of somatic cell division PMAT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: In mitosis, each daughter cell is an exact copy of parent cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Cancerous cells form these bunches of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: K+ ions are about 10x higher in concentration inside than outside the cell |
|
Definition
| False, they are about 25x |
|
|
Term
| The membrane of the fluid mosaic model is mainly made of what two components? |
|
Definition
50% mass Phospholipids
50% mass Proteins |
|
|
Term
| Term: Double layer of phospholipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Protein embedded in lipid bilayer |
|
Definition
| Intregal/transmembrane protein |
|
|
Term
| Term: Phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provides stabilization of the phospholipids of the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of proteins of the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
Integral/Transmembrane
Extrinsic/Peripheral |
|
|
Term
| Term: Protein that does not span cell membrane |
|
Definition
| Extrinsic/Peripheral protein |
|
|
Term
| Are carbohydrates hydrophilic or -phobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of the phospholipid bilayer is made of carbohydrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main types of carbohydrates found in the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the carbohydrates in the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Movement through membrane that occurs with concentration gradient, producing less concentrated fluid by diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two major types of movement through membranes? |
|
Definition
Passive transport
Active transport |
|
|
Term
| Term: Type of movement against concentration gradient that forms a more concentrated fluid and requires energy and a protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Movement from 1 area to a second by random thermal motion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: From higher area to lower concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Concentrations become equal after movement across a membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the magnitude of net flux equal to? |
|
Definition
J = PA(Co-Ci)
J: Magnitude of net flux
P: Permeability constant
A: Surface area of membrane
Co-Ci: Concentration difference across membrane |
|
|
Term
| Term: Movement through membrane of a substance without energy or protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a 'mediated' transport system mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Movement across membrane in which a substance requires a protein but no energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main barrier to most solutes? |
|
Definition
| Simple diffusion; too difficult to get through phospholipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of some lipid insoluble substances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe facilitated diffusion vs. simple diffusion |
|
Definition
Much faster transport of solutes
Saturable process (limit to rate)
Highly specific (protein carrier)
Can be blocked by competitive inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| Term: Related competitors compete for the same binding sites, slowing the transport of desired molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active transport will continue as long as what? |
|
Definition
| Energy and solute are available |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Sodium/Potassium-ATPase pump? |
|
Definition
| Energy drives the transport of both sodium (pumped out) and potassium (pumped in) against gradients to maintain the high potassium, low sodium concentration in cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| For every ATP split by the Sodium/Potassium-ATPase pump, how many sodium ions and potassium ions are moved? |
|
Definition
3 sodium in
2 potassium out |
|
|
Term
| How are cells differentiated? |
|
Definition
| Producing different proteins, and not others |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of pancreatic cells? |
|
Definition
| Synthesize abundant insulin, but no hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| Term: Selective use of DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does transcription occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the pairs of each base?
ATCG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many different codes do the codons make up? |
|
Definition
61 amino acids
3 stop codons |
|
|
Term
| True/False: The genetic code is universal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: In semi-conservative replication, 1 strand of DNA serves as the template |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of DNA polymerase? |
|
Definition
| Enzyme that catalizes DNA replication |
|
|
Term
| How is RNA edited after transcription? |
|
Definition
| Pre-RNA exons are cut and spliced, introns are removed, a 5' cap is added as well as a poly-A tail |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of tRNA? |
|
Definition
| Brings individual amino acid to ribosome, lock in place, peptide bond formed between adjacent amino acids |
|
|
Term
| What are the three steps in protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
Initiation
Elongation
Termination |
|
|
Term
| Describe the steps in initiation |
|
Definition
| Synthesis starts with AUG start codon near 5' cap, the small subunit binds to the large subunit and the first tRNA occupies the P-site, the A-site if left vacant |
|
|
Term
| Describe the steps in elongation |
|
Definition
| Second tRNA with amino acid enters A-site, the anticodon plugs in, a peptide bond is formed between 2 adjacent amino acids, first tRNA leaves and second moves into P site from A site, third tRNA arrives into A-site, this process is repeated |
|
|
Term
| Describe the steps in termination |
|
Definition
| When ribosome reaches stop codon, polypeptide breaks off last tRNA, tRNA is released, the A-site is occupied by release factor that triggers breakup of small and large subunits |
|
|
Term
| Term: Several ribosomes on same mRNA, each makes 1 molecule of same polypeptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Transcription; genes are turned on and off and permit or restrict RNA polymerase from attaching to promotor of DNA segment |
|
|
Term
| Term: Another name for substrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| E-S complex, where the substrate is modified and the enzyme acts as a catalyst |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Enzyme binding sites can become saturated due to high S concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Binding of modulator molecule to regulatory site on allosteric protein changes shape of functional binding site, so changes bind characteristics and activity of protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates the activity of allosteric proteins? |
|
Definition
| Changing concentrations of modulator molecules |
|
|
Term
| How do catalysts affect chemical reactions? |
|
Definition
| Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy |
|
|
Term
| Many enzymes require small amount of ____ to bind to enzyme at site other than active site |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trace metals or coenzymes (organic cofactors) |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamins provide the body with NADH and FADH2? |
|
Definition
NADH - Niacin
FADH2 - Riboflavin |
|
|
Term
| How are EMRs increased by? |
|
Definition
Warmer temperatures in range 0-40 degrees Celsius
Increased substrate concentration and enzyme concentration
Increased enzyme affinity for S by allosteric modulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate of product formation controlled by in pathways? |
|
Definition
| Allosteric modulation of enzyme control of rate-limiting step |
|
|
Term
| Term: End product energy that binds to an enzyme and inhibits it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term: Energy currency of cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for hydrolysis of ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the energy from catabolism of fuel molecules form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three cell processes that require a lot of ATP? |
|
Definition
Protein synthesis
Active transport
Muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| What are the three linked metabolic pathways used to form food into ATP? |
|
Definition
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorilation |
|
|
Term
| Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Glycolysis can break down carbs, fats, and proteins |
|
Definition
| False, only can break down carbs |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Krebs and oxidative phosphorilation can break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis is a __ step path |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which steps of glycolysis use ATP to form Fructose 1,6 diphosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what step of glycolysis does C6 split from P-C6-P -> 2C3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At which step of glycolysis does an isomerization occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what step of Glycolysis is NADH formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which steps of glycolysis form ATP in substrate level phosphorilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When exercising muscles with low oxygen, which pathway yields 3% of free energy available from glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1 molecule of glucose yields __ molecules of pyruvate |
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Definition
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Term
| In total, Glycolysis yields how many NADH and ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| When pyruvate enters the mitochondria and loses CO2, it becomes what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during the linking step? |
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Definition
NADH+ -> NADH; C3 -> C2 and CO2 is given off
Acetyl joins coenzyme A and is linked with C4 |
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Term
| Oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA forms...? |
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Definition
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Term
| Krebs regenerates CoA and gives off how many CO2? |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxidations of C2 coupled with reduction of electron-carrying coenzymes NAD+ and FAH to form what? |
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Definition
| High energy reduced forms NADH and FADH2 |
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Term
| How many NADH and FADH2 are formed in the Krebs Cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the products of ADP + GTP ->? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many GTPs are formed during the Krebs cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is essential for oxidation of NADH and FADH2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Which steps of the Krebs cycle form NADH? |
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Definition
At C6 -> C5
At C5 -> C4
Forming oxaloacetate |
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Term
| Term: Breaking down large objects |
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Definition
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Term
| Term: Building up large objects |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the Krebs Cycle is GTP formed? |
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Definition
| Between the first two C4s |
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Term
| Give a summary of the linking step |
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Definition
| Pyruvic acid + CoA + NAD+ -> C2-CoA + CO2 + NADH |
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Term
| Give a summary of the Krebs Cycle |
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Definition
| 2C2-CoA + 2C4 + 2GDP + 6NAD+ + 2FAD -> 2C6 + 2CoA + 2GTP + 6NADH + 2FADH2 |
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Term
| What is the harvest of link and krebs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each electron carrier is slightly ___ energy vs. previous |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the final electron acceptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the chemiosmotic theory |
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Definition
| Protons are pumped out of matrix as electrons are passed down the ETC. As protons go through the ATP synthetase complex, energy is used to form ATP |
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Term
| The majority of ATP for cells is made by ___ ___ |
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Definition
| Oxidative Phosphorilation |
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Term
| What is the difference between fats and other sources of energy? |
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Definition
| It is a rich energy source, and gives off 9kcal per gram while carbs and proteins only give off 4kcals per gram |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 fat -> 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
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Term
| Fatty acids have carbon skeletons of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the metabolism of proteins |
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Definition
| Proteins -> amino acids, remove NH2, deamination forms NH3 which is toxic, and is converted into urea and excreted |
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Term
| After the removal of NH2, what happens to the carbons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Acetyl is a precursor in biosynthesis of amino acids, monosaccharides and fatty acids which makes it what? |
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Definition
| The point where catabolic and anabolic pathways intersect |
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Term
| Messengers are amplified by ___ |
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Definition
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