• hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland
• In the female, an acute rise of LH – the LH surge – triggers ovulation
• In the male, where LH had also been called Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH), it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone
• supports thecal cells in the ovary that provide androgens and hormonal precursors for estradiol production

• are stored and secreted on demand.
• travel as free molecules (not carrier-bound) through the blood.
• are produced by cells with abundant RER.
• bind directly to the DNA of their target cells.
• a and d

• Inadequate dietary calcium
• inadequate dietary vitamin D
• kidney or liver disease
• inadequate exposure to UV light
• all of the above

• Porcine insulin is not effective in dogs.
• Insulin causes glycogen catabolism in the liver.
• Insulin is secreted in response to low amino acid levels in the blood.
• Production of insulin can be inhibited by somatostatin.
• none of the above

• a drug that can cause enlargement of the thyroid gland
• a drug used to treat hypothyroidism
• a drug used to treat hyperthyroidism
• a and b
• a and c

• glycosuria
• polyuria / polydypsia
• polyphagia
• a and b
• all of the above

• Growth hormone imbalance
• Thyroid hormone imbalance
• Glucocorticoid imbalance
• a and c
• all of the above

• follicle stimulating hormone
• oxytocin
• epinephrine
• thyrotropin releasing hormone
• none of the above are neurohormones

• primary hypothyroidism
• secondary hypothyroidism
• tertiary hypothyroidism
• cretinism
• terminal liver failure, of course!

• testosterone production by the Leydig cells of the male
• development of the thecal cells of the developing follicle
• ovulation
• uterine contractions
• all of the above are effects of luteinizing hormone

• glucose uptake by muscle and fat
• blood glucose
• insulin resistance
• lypolysis
• all of the above

• primary hypoadrenocorticism
• secondary hypoadrenocorticism
• iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism
• all of the above
• none of the above – glucocorticoids are potentially dangerous drugs and should never be used as a long-term treatment.

• cortisol
• growth hormone
• epinephrine
• a and c
• all of the above

• follicle stimulating hormone
• growth hormone
• cortisol
• b and c
• all of the above

• developmental hypersecretion of growth hormone
• acromegaly
• panhypopituitarism (dwarfism)
• adult-onset growth hormone deficiency

• Epinephrine is the major regulator because there is more of it.
• Epinephrine is the major regulator because it is the more active form.
• Norepinephrine is the major regulator because there is more of it.
• Norepinephrine is the major regulator because it is the more active form.
• Epinephrine and norepinephrine are not catecholamines.

• are produced from the amino acid tryptophan.
• are stored in membrane-bound granules.
• cause systemic vasodilation.
• take 1-2 minutes to be released, from the time of stimulation.
• none of the above

• the delta cells of the pancreatic islets
• the anterior pituitary
• the hypothalamus 
• a and c
• all of the above

• dilated pupils
• decreased intestinal motility
• wasting of muscle tissue
• increased fat deposition
• I would expect all of the above.

• growth hormone
• epinephrine
• thyroxine
• insulin
• all of the above are necessary for growth

• is responsible for brooding behavior in fish.
• is inhibited by dopamine.
• is not present in males.
• stimulates milk letdown from the mammary glands.
• all of the above

• True
• False

• “Parathyroid hormone” is the same thing as “parathormone.”
• All cases of hyperparathyroidism are due to tumors or adenomas of the parathyroid.
• High blood Ca2+ inhibits the parathyroid gland from producing PTH.
• PTH inhibits production of calcitriol.
• none of the above

• primary hyperparathyroidism
• secondary hyperparathyroidism
• hypervitaminosis D
• hypercalcemia resulting from a malignancy
• not enough information to say

• T3 is the more active form.   T3 is present in higher levels in the blood.
• T3 is the more active form.   T4 is present in higher levels in the blood.
• T4 is the more active form.   T3 is present in higher levels in the blood.
• T4 is the more active form.   T4 is present in higher levels in the blood.
• The only important thyroid hormone is T57.

• Cretinism is developmental hyperthyroidism.
• Primary hypothyroidism is less common than the secondary or tertiary forms.
• Older cats are more likely to develop hyperthyroidism than younger dogs.
• Animals with hypothyroidism are likely to exhibit bulging of the eyes.
• none of the above

• diabetes mellitus
• endogenous insulin production
• exogenous insulin production
• damage to pancreatic A cells
• rate of glycogen metabolism

• cats, because dogs rarely suffer from NIDDM.
• cats, because diabetic dogs rarely have many pancreatic B cells remaining.
• dogs, because cats rarely suffer from NIDDM.
• dogs, because diabetic cats rarely have many pancreatic B cells remaining.
• a and b

• ADH is produced in the hypothalamus.
• Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions.
• A microscopic tumor of the anterior pituitary could lead to hyperprolactinemia.
• Postparturient paresis (milk fever) is characterized by elevated blood calcium.
• b and d

• increased absorption of calcium by the intestinal tract.
• increased calcitriol production.
• decreased intestinal calcium absorption.
• increased calcification of bone.
• none of the above.

• small animal veterinarians
• large animal veterinarians
• lab animal veterinarians
• human doctors

• decreases renal tubular reabsorption of calcium.
• increases blood phosphate levels.
• is essential to survival.
• stimulates calcitriol production.
• none of the above.

• insulin
• glucagon
• somatostatin
• a and b
• all of the above

• acth
• tsh
• prolactin
• fsh
• lh

• iodine deficiency
• hypothalamic tumor secreting large amounts of crh
• pituitary tumor secreting large amounts of tsh
• primary hyperthyroidism

• amino acids
• amino acids and glucose
• glucose and somatostatin
• amino acids and somatostatin

a 2-year-old guinea pig has alopecia and is lethargic.  his plasma tsh is low, and increases markedly following trh.  what is the most likely diagnosis

• hyperthyroidism due to thyroid tumor
• hyperthyroidism due to abnormality in hypothalamus
• hypothyroidism due to thyroid abnormality
• hypothyroidism due to hypothalamic abnormality
• hyperthyroidism due to pituitary abnormality

• dogs have severe reactions against these drugs
• difficult to administer these drugs to dogs
• dogs are extremely sensitive to these types of drugs, and show hypoglycemia if given these drugs
• these drugs produce paradoxical rises in glucagon in dogs, and therefore are not used
• since almost all dogs with diabetes are insulin dependent and have inactive or minimally active beta cells, these drugs aren't useful

• tsh - placebo
• t4 - placebo
• placebo - tsh
• placebo - t4
• placebo - trh

• down - down - down
• down - up - down
• down - down - up
• down - up - up
• up - up - up

•         act like fsh
• act like lh
• not have hormonal activity
• act like lh and fsh
• none of the above

• lh and fsh
• estrogen and progesterone
• prolactin and gh
• oxytocin and prolactin
• gnrh and progesterone

• parental behavior
• nest building behavior
• na+ retention, ability to live in fresh water
• reproductive organ development
• all of these

• normal t4
• normal t3
• decreased respiratory rate
• high trh levels
• increased respiratory rate

• oxytocin
• insulin
• acth
• t4
• gh

• is commonly seen in old cats
• results in hypercalcemia
• seen after weeks of lactation
• accompanied by decreased serum ca
• all of the above

• they utilize second messenger systems
• they have receptors on the cell membrane
• they have a faster onset of action than both steroid and thyroid hormones
• they produce direct changes in gene expression

• prolactin
• oxytocin
• acth
• tsh
• fsh

• slight reduction in plasma calcium stimulates large, sustained increases in pth secretion
• osteoclasts stimulated by pth remove calcium from bone, maintain near-normal extracellular ca
• renal calcium excretion is reduced under influence of high pth
• all of the above

• epinephrine
• dopamine and gnrh
• gh
• prolactin
• all of the above

• within endocrine cells is rare
• in the endocrine cells is in the form of secretory granules
• as free protein in the endocrine cell cytoplasm is common
• is unnecessary because of the rapidity of the synthesis process
• requires the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• are derived from cholesterol precursors.
• act through only one type of receptor.
• act via membrane-bound receptors.
• feed back negatively on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
• none of the above

• hypothyroidism
• primary adrenocortical tumor
• pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH)
• iatrogenic Cushing’s
• tummy-ache

• Acromegaly can lead to development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• Adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice for primary adrenocortical tumors.
• Cretinism is hypothyroidism occurring during adulthood
• a and ball of the above

• Hypoadrenocorticism is uncommon in dogs and even rarer in cats.
• Hydrocortisone cream is effective at relieving inflammation because it contains glucocorticoids.
• Inadequate secretion of aldosterone by the posterior pituitary is the major cause of diabetes insipidus.

• Above all else, it is important that glucose be available for proper liver function.
• “Glucose sparing” means that glucose is stored as glycogen and fat to ensure that it will be available when needed.
• Inhibition of gluconeogenesis allows amino acids to be used for protein synthesis.
• The highest levels of glucocorticoids occur at night.
• none of the above

• Dog with diabetes mellitus.
• Cat with a pheochromocytoma
• Hyperthyroid cat
• Cat with diabetes mellitus.
• Dog with panhypopituitarism

• are stored and secreted on demand.
• travel as free molecules (not carrier-bound) through the blood
• are produced by cells with abundant RER.
• bind to their receptor in target cells and then the hormone-receptor complex binds directly to the DNA.
• a and d

• DHEA can be converted to a potent glucocorticoid in the circulation.
• Radioactive iodine would be an appropriate treatment for hypothyroidism.
• Diabetes mellitus does not always involve a lack of insulin
• Right before a big exam, vet students will have low levels of epinephrine in the blood due to stress.
• Diabetes is often seen in young dogs

• inadequate dietary calcium
• inadequate dietary vitamin D
• a genetic mutation where an animal lacks 1,25 dihydroxycholecalficerol in the kidney
• none of the above
• all of the above

What is a goiter?

• enlargement of the thyroid gland
• enlargement of the thyroid gland as a result of hypothyroidism
• enlargement of the thyroid gland as a result of hyperthyroidism
• a compound use to treat hyperthyroidism
• b and c

• follicle stimulating hormone
• oxytocin
• epinephrine
• thyrotropin releasing hormone
• none of the above are produced by neuroendocrine cells

• testosterone production by the Leydig cells of the male
• ovulation
• uterine contractions
• all of the above are effects of luteinizing hormone

• follicle stimulating hormone
• growth hormone
• cortisol
• b and c
• all of the above

• dilated pupils
• decreased intestinal motility
• catabolism of muscle tissue
• increased fat deposition
• I would expect all of the above.

• True
• False

• “Parathyroid hormone” is the same thing as “parathormone.”
• Hyperparathyroidism typically results from tumors or adenomas of the parathyroid.
• High blood Ca2+ decreases  parathyroid gland production of PTH.
• Calcitriol inhibits production of PTH
• All of the above are correct

• fruity-smelling breath (a sign of ketosis)
• increased GH
• increased fat mobilization
• GH deficiency
• all of the above

• Hypoadrenocorticism is uncommon in dogs and even rarer in cats.
• Hydrocortisone cream is topically effective at relieving inflammation because it contains glucocorticoids.
• Inadequate secretion of aldosterone by the neurohypophysis is the major cause of diabetes insipidus.
• Adipose tissue is regulated by many hormones.

• cats, because dogs will show allergic reactions to these drugs
• cats, because diabetic dogs rarely have many pancreatic B cells remaining.
• dogs, because cats rarely suffer from NIDDM.
• dogs, because diabetic cats rarely have many pancreatic B cells remaining.
• a and b

• ADH is produced in the hypothalamus.
• Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions.
• Hyperprolactinemia could result from deficient production of dopamine by the hypothalamus.
• Postparturient paresis (milk fever) is characterized by elevated blood calcium.
• b and d

• small animal veterinarians
• large animal veterinarians
• lab animal (rats + mice) veterinarians
• human doctors

• “Glucose sparing” is necessary because above all else, it is important that glucose be available for proper liver function.
• “Glucose sparing” is necessary to insure an adequate supply of fuel for muscle
• “Glucose sparing” is necessary because the brain is an obligatory user of glucose and low glucose levels will lead to unconsciousness and death
• all of the above

• decreases renal tubular reabsorption of calcium.
• increases bone breakdown
• is essential to survival.
• stimulates calcitriol production.
• none of the above.

• insulin
• glucagon
• epinephrine
• a and b
• all of the above

• are derived from cholesterol precursors.
• act through only one type of receptor.
• act via membrane-bound receptors.
• feed back negatively on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
• none of the above