Term
| In chemical communication between cells, a ________ cell secretes a chemical messenger that binds to ________ on the ________ cell. |
|
Definition
| secretory : receptors : target |
|
|
Term
| The number of bound receptors on a target cell depends on what two things? |
|
Definition
| the concentration of the messenger and the concentration of receptors on the target cell |
|
|
Term
| What chemical messenger is released from endocrine glands into the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A target cell will respond to a chemical messenger once that molecule has bound to a(n) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The steroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone are almost identical structurally. What do you predict would happen if a person had a supraphysiological level of cortisol? |
|
Definition
| Cortisol would bind to the aldosterone receptor. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of chemical messenger is released into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland where it can affect target cells throughout the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The more specific a drug is for a certain __________ type, the more specific the therapeutic actions of the drug and the fewer the side effects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecules are hydrophobic and can easily cross the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All the messengers in what class are derived from cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once a steroid hormone is synthesized, it is |
|
Definition
| immediately capable of diffusing across the membrane |
|
|
Term
| An equilibrium exists between a hormone that is bound to a carrier protein and a free hormone such that, as the number of free hormones increases, |
|
Definition
| more free hormone will become bound to carrier proteins |
|
|
Term
| Lipophilic chemical messengers are poorly soluble in water. However, many of these lipophilic messengers are transported throughout the body. Their transport in blood (water) is facilitated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A half-life, in terms of a chemical messenger, refers to |
|
Definition
| the time it takes for half of the chemical messenger in the blood to be degraded. |
|
|
Term
| the time it takes for half of the chemical messenger in the blood to be degraded. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _________ is transported in the bloodstream. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipid-soluble molecules are not only hydrophobic but are also |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steroid messengers are derived from what precursor molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steroids are released from the secretory cell by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical messengers derived from cholesterol fall under which of the following categories? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The binding of chemical messengers to receptors produces a response inside the target cell through a variety of mechanisms referred to as __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do lipophilic hormones require carrier proteins while being transported in the blood? |
|
Definition
| because lipophilic hormones don't dissolve well in blood plasma |
|
|
Term
| The location of receptors on a target cell depends on the solubility of the chemical messenger. Where would the receptors for lipophilic messengers be located? |
|
Definition
| on the inside of the cell |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements best describes the release of a lipophilic messenger? |
|
Definition
| Lipophilic messengers are released immediately upon synthesis by simple diffusion. |
|
|
Term
| Lipophilic hormones are transported in blood ________ and bind to receptors located ________. |
|
Definition
| bound to carrier proteins : inside the target cell |
|
|
Term
| As a general rule, the magnitude of a target cells response to a chemical messenger depends on which three factors? |
|
Definition
| (1) the concentration of the messenger, (2) the number of receptors and, (3) the affinity of the receptor for the messenger |
|
|
Term
| The affinity of a receptor for its ligand is a measure of the |
|
Definition
| strength of binding between ligand and receptor. |
|
|
Term
| Typical responses to ________ messengers require a long time to develop because they necessitate transcription of mRNA and translation of that mRNA into a functional protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As free hormones bind to their receptors and no more hormone is released from their cell of origin, the concentration of hormone bound to carrier proteins will |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The strength with which a ligand (chemical messenger) will bind with a receptor is referred to as its |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The strength of binding between a messenger and its receptor is known as __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the anterior pituitary is responsible for hyperthyroidism, the level of __________ will be __________ along with the levels of T3 and T4, which are the thyroid hormones; the level of TRH from the hypothalamus will be ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In a nonfunctioning adenoma of the corticotrophs, which are the cells that secrete ACTH, the CRH level will be __________, and the __________ level will be reduced. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cushing’s disease is caused by a pituitary adenoma, resulting in an increase in blood cortisol; Cushing’s syndrome is an elevated cortisol level as the result of some other cause. If a patient has an elevated cortisol level and they are found to have a tumor of the adrenal cortex, the condition would be diagnosed as __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A functioning adenoma of the lactotrophs, which are the cells that secrete prolactin, may be treated with a drug that is the same as prolactin inhibiting hormone; that drug is __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anterior pituitary hormones are water-soluble peptides, therefore they _________ a carrier protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since the anterior pituitary hormones are water-soluble, their target cell receptors are located __________. |
|
Definition
| on the outside surface of the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| A MRI is a radiological tool that best looks at soft tissues; a regular X-ray and CT scan view hard tissues better. If a physician wishes to view the pituitary gland itself, it is best to use a __________; if the physician wishes to view the sella turcica, bone encasing the pituitary gland, it is best to use the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol and insulin have __________ effects on blood glucose level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ increases the production and secretion of the hormone that regulates stress. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pituitary microadenomas are less than 1 cm in diameter. Most functioning pituitary adenomas are microadenomas. A very small functioning microadenoma of the pituitary, that does not compress surrounding structures, maybe most likely initially treated __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is FALSE regarding secretion of hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary glands? |
|
Definition
| the portal vein supplies both the anterior and posterior pituitary glands with blood |
|
|
Term
| __________ hormone stimulates the release of __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following endocrine organs essentially secretes hormones from neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by ________ released from the ________. |
|
Definition
| tropic hormones : hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| What ensures that blood levels of a specific releasing hormone are locally high in order to stimulate the pituitary? |
|
Definition
| hypothalamic-pituitary portal system |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
| prolactin inhibiting hormone |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a CORRECT example of long-loop negative feedback? |
|
Definition
| Glucocorticoids inhibit the release of CRH. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a CORRECT example of short-loop negative feedback? |
|
Definition
| TSH inhibits the release of TRH. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are hormones that regulate the release of other hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following correctly describes the way hormones are secreted from the adenohypophysis? |
|
Definition
| a tropic hormone from the hypothalamus travels through the portal vein to the adenohypophysis, where a second tropic hormone is secreted |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an example of long loop negative feedback? |
|
Definition
| Excess thyroid hormone leads to a decreased release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol is often referred to as a "stress hormone" because it is secreted in response to both psychological and physical stress. This hormone also aids in blood glucose regulation. If an increase in cortisol secretion eventually leads to an increased insulin secretion, what immediate action do you think cortisol has on blood sugar? |
|
Definition
| Cortisol acts to increase blood glucose. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following hormones is NOT released from the adrenal gland? |
|
Definition
| adrenocorticotropic hormone |
|
|
Term
| The concentration of free hormone in the blood depends on all of the following EXCEPT the |
|
Definition
| rate of receptor downregulation. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two classes of input that can alter the secretion of hormones? |
|
Definition
| neural signals and humoral signals |
|
|
Term
| he hypothalamus secretes corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) onto the anterior pituitary to stimulate secretion of __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neural signals from stress initiate a cascade of events that culminates in the secretion of which of the following hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When endocrine glands are stimulated to secrete hormones at a higher rate, the endocrine cells often become larger, and the organ as a whole becomes hypertrophied. Someone who is chronically under a lot of stress might display hypertrophy of which organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal hormone secretions from an endocrine gland due to altered tropic hormone release are called |
|
Definition
| secondary secretion disorders |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following changes in plasma levels would be observed in a primary hyposecretion of cortisol? |
|
Definition
| increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol |
|
|
Term
| A person with Cushing's disease is found to have a functioning adenoma in the anterior pituitary causing an increase in ACTH secretion. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes changes in plasma levels of hormones? |
|
Definition
| decreased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol |
|
|
Term
| An alteration within the anterior pituitary that decreases the secretion of thyroid hormone would be termed a ________ disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? |
|
Definition
| decreased insulin secretion |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a “moon face.” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary action of glucocorticoids on whole-body metabolism? |
|
Definition
| increased mobilization of fuel sources |
|
|
Term
| There are some who suggest that one should want to keep his or her cortisol levels as low as possible as a method of managing body weight. Assuming this is possible, what would be a side effect of very low cortisol levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a potential side effect of pharmacological administration of glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
| increased incidence of infection |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would NOT fit with a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome (hypersecretion of cortisol)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what class of hormones does cortisol belong? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary hormone mediating the stress response (or general adaptation syndrome)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hypothalamic tropic hormone that regulates cortisol secretion? |
|
Definition
| corticotropin releasing hormone |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Cushing's syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT "triggered" by stress? |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic nervous system activation |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following hormones stimulates gluconeogenesis and reduces the uptake of glucose by cells, thereby increasing plasma glucose concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The highest level of protein structuring that describes ricin is the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reason that ricin is said to depurinate is that it enzymatically __________. |
|
Definition
| removes adenine, which is a purine |
|
|
Term
| If a medication was created that blocked ricin A from attaching to the 50S subunit ribosomal subunit, then the medication would __________. |
|
Definition
| prevent the harmful actions of ricin in the cell |
|
|
Term
| Ricin blocks protein synthesis at the stage of __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 50S subunit of the ribosome contains the enzyme peptidyl transferase. This enzyme catalyzes the formation of __________ bonds between __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A glycoprotein is a molecule composed of a __________ covalently bonded to a __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a drug was designed to remove of all the glycoproteins and glycolipids from the cell membrane, then __________ could not bind and induce __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main problem with a drug that removes all glycoproteins and glycolipids from the cell membrane is the cell could __________. |
|
Definition
| not be properly recognized by the immune system |
|
|
Term
| Antibodies targeted against ricin B, __________ other human cell components. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Though ricin comprises only 5% of a castor bean, the bean __________ eaten. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is true of lipids? |
|
Definition
| Lipids are hydrophobic molecules. |
|
|
Term
| Based on what you know about the chemical properties of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, which of the following is an amphipathic structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following correctly describes glycogen? |
|
Definition
| It is an important storage polysaccharide found in animal tissues. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following molecules will dissolve readily in water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ are molecules that form the bilayer of cell membranes and micelles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amphipathic property of phospholipids can be described as a |
|
Definition
| polar region that dissolves in water and a nonpolar region that repels water. |
|
|
Term
| ________ act(s) as the precursor to steroid molecules, many of which function as hormones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The presence of ________ in the plasma membrane can inhibit crystallization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT found in plasma membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What spherical structures are involved in the transport of nonpolar molecules through the aqueous environment and are composed of a phospholipid monolayer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of integral membrane protein spans the membrane, thereby allowing part of it to face the cytosol and another part to face the extracellular fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements best describes the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
| The plasma membrane is a flexible and dynamic structure. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following components of the plasma membrane forms ion channels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipophobic molecules that are to be released by cells are stored in membrane-bound structures called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the site where steroids are stored in the cell? |
|
Definition
| Steroids are lipid and will slide right through membranes; they cannot be stored in the cell. |
|
|
Term
| Intercellular communication can occur through the binding of a chemical released from one cell to a specific ________ on another cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids synthesis is performed where? |
|
Definition
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| Certain epithelial cells have a decided polarity where the ________ membrane faces the lumen of a hollow tube, whereas the ________ membrane faces the extracellular fluid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The total number of positive charges in our ICF __________. |
|
Definition
| is lower than the number of positive charges in our ECF |
|
|
Term
| A worker was sitting at her cubicle in the middle of a large room during her lunch break. She began peeling the orange she brought to eat. At first, only she could smell the aroma. But in a matter of minutes, those in the nearby cubicles could also smell it. After several more minutes had passed, nearly everyone in the room could smell the orange. What best explains how so many people could smell one small orange in the middle of a large room? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for the unequal distribution of ions across a membrane, thereby causing a charge? |
|
Definition
| the concentration of impermeable charged molecules |
|
|
Term
| The chemical force for which of the following ions is directed into the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is found in greater concentration inside the cell than outside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When molecules are passively transported across a membrane, the direction of their movement is dictated by the molecule's tendency to move |
|
Definition
| from higher to lower energy. |
|
|
Term
| When molecules are passively transported across a membrane, the direction of their movement is dictated by the molecule's tendency to move |
|
Definition
| down its concentration gradient. |
|
|
Term
| Of the gradients listed below, which is the MOST accurate description of the force that ultimately determines the movement of ions across the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules tend to move spontaneously ________ their chemical gradient. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When more than one ion species (i.e., Na+ and K+) is present on both sides of the membrane, the chemical driving force acting on Na+ will include |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a reflection of the unequal distribution of positive and negative ions across the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comparing intracellular to extracellular fluid, the intracellular fluid has a ________ charge relative to the outside of a cell due to the presence of more ________ inside the cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The unequal distribution of charge in solutions on either side of a membrane will lead to a ________ of charge across the membrane and a ________ of counter ions in a region close to the membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the solutions on either side of the membrane have an unequal distribution of charged ions, with the inside having an excess of anions, then the inside of the cell would have to be |
|
Definition
| more negative, relative to the outside of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| As an ion moves passively across a membrane into the cell, the progressive increase in concentration within the cell will |
|
Definition
| decrease the net flux across the membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Based solely upon its electrical charge, the inside of a typical cell will tend to attract extracellular ________ to move inward. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a determinant of the magnitude and direction of the equilibrium potential for an ion? |
|
Definition
| lipid solubility of the ion |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following cells would have a greater electrical attraction for sodium ions to enter the cell? |
|
Definition
| cell with membrane potential = -90 mV |
|
|
Term
| An anion is found in greater concentration inside the cell than outside. Which of the following statements best describes forces acting on the anion at the resting membrane potential (-70 mV)? |
|
Definition
| Both the chemical and electrical forces are directed out of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT true for all three of these transport mechanisms: facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport? |
|
Definition
| The transport mechanism requires energy. |
|
|
Term
| All of the following solutes are found in higher concentration outside of the cell EXCEPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the following solutes are found in higher concentrations inside of the cell EXCEPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ion(s) have a net electrical force acting to move the ion(s) into the cell? (Assume a resting membrane potential (Vm) of -70mV.) |
|
Definition
| X+, whose [ECF] is120 mM and [ICF] is 30 mM |
|
|
Term
| Which ion(s) have a net chemical force acting to move the ion(s) into the cell? (assume a resting membrane potential (Vm) of -70mV) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A beaker with a membrane is separating two solutions, initially of equal volumes. The solution on side A is 100 mM KCl while the solution on side B is 150 mM sucrose. The membrane is not permeable to ions or carbohydrates. In what way will the water move? |
|
Definition
| down its concentration gradient from side B to side A |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following ions is found in a higher concentration in the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following situations might cause the rate of diffusion of a substance to slow down? |
|
Definition
| increased membrane thickness |
|
|
Term
Of the four factors which affect the permeability of cell membranes to molecules that cross by simple diffusion, which of the following has the strongest influence on permeability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of simple diffusion across the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
| greater number of protein carriers |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following pairs of characteristics is more likely to make a substance diffuse through the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
| small, non-polar molecule |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen diffuses from blood into cells down its concentration gradient. As cells become more active and oxidative phosphorylation increases in the cell, which of the following occurs? |
|
Definition
| The concentration gradient for oxygen increases and oxygen movement into the cell increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the speed at which diffusion takes place. |
|
|
Term
| One way that membrane surface area is increased in absorptive cells is through increasing the ________ of the apical membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following will NOT increase the net flux of an ion across a membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Molecules with a relatively high lipid solubility are capable of crossing the membrane |
|
Definition
| directly through the lipid bilayer. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following molecules is LEAST likely to diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following refers to the number of molecules that cross the membrane in a given length of time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a person sprays air freshener into a room, the fragrance will eventually reach your nose, even in the absence of air currents. Which of the following best describes this process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is true of passive transport of solutes across the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
| The direction of solute movement is determined by the concentration gradient of the solute. |
|
|
Term
| In facilitated diffusion, carrier proteins will be more likely to bind with solute molecules __________. |
|
Definition
| where they are in greatest concentration, regardless of which side of the membrane the concentration is highest |
|
|
Term
| In facilitated diffusion, carrier proteins will be more likely to bind with solute molecules __________. |
|
Definition
| where they are in greatest concentration |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is true of carriers found in the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
| Carriers are membrane-bound proteins that transport molecules across a membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following transport mechanisms is passive? |
|
Definition
| movement of sodium through ion channels |
|
|
Term
| A carrier is a transmembrane protein that moves molecules across the membrane through |
|
Definition
| conformational changes in its protein shape. |
|
|
Term
| In general, the molecules that move through specific carrier proteins are determined by which of the following? |
|
Definition
| the unique fit to binding sites on the channel or carrier protein |
|
|
Term
| In facilitated diffusion, a molecule is moved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most water molecules that cross the plasma membrane do so by |
|
Definition
| diffusion through aquaporins. |
|
|
Term
| The transport of two substances across a membrane in the same direction is known as __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy? |
|
Definition
| both primary and secondary active transport |
|
|
Term
| Transporting a substance against its concentration gradient requires |
|
Definition
| a transporter that uses energy. |
|
|
Term
| In active transport, the affinity of the carrier protein for the molecule being transported is greater on which side of the membrane? |
|
Definition
| on the side where the molecule is in lower concentration |
|
|
Term
| During cotransport of glucose with sodium, sodium increases the affinity of the carrier molecule for glucose when the binding site is facing which side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the Na+/ K+ pump moves its bound molecules of Na+ to the outside of the membrane, it |
|
Definition
cannot return to the inside empty-handed, so it must bind two K+ first.
|
|
|
Term
| The first step of the Na+/ K+ pump's activity involves the binding of which of the following? |
|
Definition
| 3 Na+ to their binding site on the inside of the cell |
|
|
Term
| The hydrolysis of ATP on the Na+/ K+ pump results in |
|
Definition
| a conformational change that exposes the Na+ binding site to the outside of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| Na+ is released from its binding site on the Na+/ K+ pump as a result of the |
|
Definition
| conformational change decreasing the affinity of the Na+ binding site. |
|
|
Term
| If a cell becomes damaged and is temporarily unable to produce ATP, what is the likely outcome with respect to H2O? |
|
Definition
| cellular swelling, as water follows Na+ into the cell |
|
|
Term
| In secondary active transport with sodium, which of the following is FALSE? |
|
Definition
| The molecule being transported moves down its electrochemical gradient. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements about glucose cotransport with sodium is TRUE? |
|
Definition
| Glucose and sodium both move into the cell. |
|
|
Term
| The concentration of an anion inside a cell is 0.3%. The concentration of this anion outside the cell is 0.1%. How could the cell obtain more of this ion inside the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Na+/ K+ pump transports in which directions and what amounts per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed? |
|
Definition
| 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed |
|
|
Term
| Why are primary active transporters many times called ATPases? |
|
Definition
| They act as enzymes to release energy from ATP. |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary role for the Na+/ K+ pump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin triggers the insert of what protein into the cell membrane of its target cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following characteristics of active transport is INCORRECT? |
|
Definition
| The direction of the net flux is down the electrochemical gradient. |
|
|
Term
| A 300 mOsm cell is placed in a 200 mOsm solution. The solute particles inside the cell are the same as those outside the cell, all of which are permeant to the membrane. Determine the new osmolarity of the ICF. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding mechanisms of water transport? |
|
Definition
| Water is actively absorbed by the digestive system. |
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|
Term
| What effect does uncontrolled diabetes mellitus have on blood osmolarity? |
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Definition
| It increases it, causing a hyperosmotic state compared to normal. |
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Term
| The flow of water across a membrane down its concentration gradient is called |
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Definition
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Term
| A membrane permeable to water separates a chamber into two compartments: A and B. Compartment A contains a 10 mM solution of non-permeating solute, whereas compartment B contains a 40 mM solution of non-permeating solute. Which of the following statements is TRUE? |
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Definition
| Water will move from side A to B, but solute will not move. |
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Term
| A cell with normal tonicity is placed in a 200 mM NaCl solution. This solution is ________ and the cell will ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a solution contains 0.1 M glucose along with 0.15 M NaCl, what is the osmolarity of this solution? |
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Definition
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Term
| If solution 1 (0.1 M glucose and 0.15 M NaCl) and solution 2 (0.4 M glucose) are separated by a membrane, then solution 1 is ________ relative to solution 2. |
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Definition
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Term
| If there is a difference in osmolarity between a cell and its environment, water will move ________ its osmotic pressure gradient. |
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Definition
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Term
| The osmotic pressure of a solution is a(n) |
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Definition
| indirect measure of its solute concentration. |
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Term
| A cell is placed into a solution that has the same osmolarity. However, one of the solutes in the solution is able to move across the membrane (the cell does not contain this solute). After a period of time, the solution into which the cell was placed would become |
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Definition
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Term
| When white blood cells are called to an area of infection, not only is there phagocytosis taking place, but also exocytosis of undigested particles from the white blood cells into the interstitial space. What effect does this have on water in the surrounding cells and capillary plasma? |
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Definition
| It creates a hypertonic environment, drawing water from the surrounding cells and plasma. |
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Term
| Which of the following solutions bathing a red blood cell would be considered isotonic? |
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Definition
| a solution containing 100 mM MgCl2 |
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Term
| Which condition exists when there are more solutes present in a solution? |
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Definition
| There is a lower concentration of water in that solution. |
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Term
| If there is 0.2 M glucose along with 0.15 M NaCl in solution, what is the osmolarity of this solution? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a 300 mOsm cell (10 mOsm of which are from the membrane permeable molecule urea) is placed into 300 mOsm solution containing no urea, what will happen to the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| The flow of water across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient is known as __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In which of the following situations would exocytosis be the proper mechanism of membrane transport? |
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Definition
| secretion of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is a water-soluble amine molecule |
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Term
| Secretory vesicles are a part of what transport mechanism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following transport mechanisms has no energy requirement? |
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Definition
| osmosis through aquaporins |
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Term
| Which of the following solutions bathing a red blood cell would be considered hypotonic? |
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Definition
| a solution containing 200 mOsm NaCl |
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Term
| Which the following descriptions would be an example of exocytosis? |
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Definition
| acetylcholine released from a neuron |
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Term
| When you put lotion on dry skin, you are trying to __________ the waters and lipids present in the lotion across your skin (an epithelial membrane). |
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Definition
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Term
| Epithelial cells are polarized with different structures at either end of the cell. The portion of the membrane that faces the lumen is called the ________ membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| The extent of ion movement through the ________ space between epithelial cells is determined by the extent of ________ coupling between neighboring epithelial cells. |
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Definition
| paracellular : tight junctional |
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Term
| The movement of a number of molecules across the apical surface of the epithelial cell by secondary transporters is coupled to the ________ gradient that is maintained by the ________ on the basolateral surface of the epithelial cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| When solute is actively transported across epithelium, what usually follows? |
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Definition
| water movement in the same direction |
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Term
| In epithelial tissue, the cells are linked together by ________, which prevent paracellular movement from lumen to extracellular fluid. |
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Definition
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Term
| In epithelial tissue, the portion of the plasma membrane facing the lumen is called the ________membrane. The portion of the plasma membrane facing the connective tissue/interstitial fluid is called the ________membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| In epithelial transport, movement from the internal environment to the external environment is called ________, whereas movement from the external environment to the internal environment is called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is true about osmosis? |
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Definition
| Osmosis is the flow of water across a plasma membrane. |
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Term
| The location of receptors on a target cell depends on the solubility of the chemical messenger. Where would the receptors for lipophilic messengers be located? |
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Definition
| on the inside of the cell |
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Term
| As a general rule, the magnitude of a target cell's response to a chemical messenger depends on which three factors? |
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Definition
| (1) the concentration of the messenger, (2) the number of receptors, and (3) the affinity of the receptor for the messenger |
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Term
| When people cut themselves, they have clotting factors in their blood that will be released continuously in a cascade until their blood clots and terminates the bleeding. What mechanism caused their blood to clot? |
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Definition
| positive feedback control |
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Term
| Which statement below lists the essential components of a feedback loop and describes their function? |
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Definition
| Sensor detects a regulated variable; set point is the value of the regulated variable; integrator interprets the information and sends it to the appropriate effector; effector alters the regulated variable. |
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Term
| Which of the following would increase the rate of facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
| increasing the steepness of the concentration gradient |
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Term
| What are hormones that regulate the release of other hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Active processes ________. |
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Definition
| move substances against (up) a concentration and/or electrical gradient |
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Term
| Which of the following best describes intracellular fluid? |
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Definition
| rich in proteins and potassium |
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Term
| Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of simple diffusion across the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| greater number of protein carriers |
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Term
| In general, the molecules that move through specific carrier proteins are determined by which of the following? |
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Definition
| the unique fit to binding sites on the channel or carrier protein |
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Term
| This adrenal cortex hormone is involved in regulation of salt and water balance. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following can be true of both active transport and facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
| Lipid-insoluble solutes can be transported and a carrier protein is required. |
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Term
| If solution 1 (0.1 M glucose and 0.15 M NaCl) and solution 2 (0.4 M glucose) are separated by a membrane, then solution 1 is ________ relative to solution 2. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following statements about carrier proteins is FALSE? |
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Definition
| They assist in simple diffusion. |
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Term
| Which of these anterior pituitary hormones regulates the activity of the cortex region of the adrenal gland? |
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Definition
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Term
| Molecules with a relatively high lipid solubility are capable of crossing the membrane |
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Definition
| directly through the lipid bilayer. |
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Term
| The Na+/ K+ pump transports in which directions and what amounts per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed? |
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Definition
| 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in per molecule of ATP hydrolyzed |
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Term
| A carrier is a transmembrane protein that moves molecules across the membrane through |
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Definition
| conformational changes in its protein shape. |
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Term
| As an ion moves passively across a membrane into the cell, the progressive increase in concentration within the cell will |
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Definition
| decrease the net flux across the membrane. |
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Term
| Which of the following is an amphipathic molecule? |
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Definition
| integral membrane protein |
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Term
| As the concentration of receptors on the cell membrane decreases, the response of the target cell will |
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Definition
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Term
| If there is 0.2 M glucose along with 0.15 M NaCl in solution, what is the osmolarity of this solution? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a reflection of the unequal distribution of positive and negative ions across the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which condition exists when there are more solutes present in a solution? |
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Definition
| There is a lower concentration of water in that solution. |
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Term
| How does insulin increase cellular uptake of glucose? |
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Definition
| causing GLUT4 to be incorporated into the plasma membrane of some cells |
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Term
| Tropic hormones ________. |
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Definition
| stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones |
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Term
| Changes in the external environment alter the ________, which is detected by the ________, and that information is sent to the integrator. |
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Definition
| regulated variable : sensor |
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Term
| The component of a control system that provides the means for the control center's response (output) is called the ________. |
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Definition
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