Term
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Definition
| -A condition that does not change with time. It does not have to be in equilibrium but have an equal amount of gain and loss so the net gain or loss |
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Term
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Definition
-Promotes stability
-Contains: Regulated variable, sensor (detector), controller (comparator), and effector
-Variable is sensed and sent to a controller to be compared to a set point. If there is a difference an error is sent causing the effector to bring to normal. |
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Term
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Definition
-Provide a pathway for direct communication between cells
-Consist of protein channels made of connexin
-Transmit electrical signal between neighboring cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and neurons
-Couple adjacent epithelial cells
-May play role in cell growth and differentiation by allowing cells to share common intracellular environment |
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Term
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Definition
-Relay and amplify the first message signal inside the cell
-The same signal can cause different effects in different cells
-Protein or peptide hormone binds to plasma membrane receptor which stimulates or inhibits a membrane bound effector enzyme via a G-protein
-The effector catalyzes the production of secondary messengers (cAMP, cGMP, inositol) using phosphorylated precursors (ATP, GTP, etc.)
-Activate protein kinases or cause other intracellular changes leading to a cell response |
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Term
| Tyrosine kinase receptors |
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Definition
-High affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines and hormones.
-Play pivotal roles in diverse cellular activities including growth, differentiation, metabolism, adhesion, motility, death
-Composed of an extracellular domain, which is able to bind a specific ligand, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular catalytic domain, which is able to bind and phosphorylate selected substrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gives the value of the electrical potential difference (Ei Eo) necessary for a specific ion to be at equilibrium. This value is known as the equilibrium potential for that particular ion and it is expressed in millivolts (mV), units of voltage |
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Term
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Definition
-Most abundant complex lipids in cell membrane
-Contain fatty acids which consist of a long hydrocarbon chain (hydrophobic) and a carboxyl terminal end (hydrophilic)
-Fatty acids are ampipathic because they contain by polar and non polar regions
-Carboxyl group binds with the phosphate containing hydrophilic head of the phospholipid |
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Term
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Definition
-Determined by the concentration of solutes that don’t penetrate the cell
-Hypertonic = more solutes and Hypotonic = less solutes
-Water moves towards hypertonic solutions |
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Term
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Definition
-Special category of chemical messengers
–Nerve ones enhance nerve cell development and stimulates the growth of axons.
–Epidermal ones stimulate the growth of epithelial cells in the skin and other organs.
–Platelet-derived ones stimulate the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells.
–Insulin-like ones stimulate the proliferation of a wide variety of cells and mediate many of the effects of growth hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| -A chemical messenger diffuses a short distance through the extracellular fluid and binds to a receptor on the same cell |
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Term
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Definition
| -A chemical messenger diffuses a short distance through the extracellular fluid and binds to a receptor on a neighboring cell |
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Term
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Definition
| -Involves the rapid transmission of action potentials, often over long distances, and the release of a neurotransmitter at a synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| -Involves the release of a hormone into the bloodstream and the binding of the hormone to specific target cell receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| -Involves the release of a hormone from a nerve cell and the transport of the hormone by the blood to a distant target cell |
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Term
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Definition
-The movement of solutes against a concentration gradient using energy
-Sodium Potassium ATPase Pump
-Most common; found on almost all eukaryotic cells
-Maintain low Na and high K in cytosol for protein synthesis
-Uses ATP ATPase to phosphorylate protein (P-type ATPase)
-Calcium ATPase Pump
-Found on ER and Sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells
-Maintain low cystolic and high organelle concentration of Ca
-P-type ATPase
-Hydrogen Potassium ATPase Pump
-Found in oxynitic glands in stomach, in colon and collecting ducts in kidney
-Pumps H into stomach and urine and absorbs K
-P-Type ATPase
-Proton ATPase Pump
-Found in lysosome and golgi membranes
-Pumps H from cytosol to inside of organelles
-V-type ATPase |
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Term
| Regulatory volume decrease |
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Definition
| -Different cells use different types of this mechanism to move solutes out of the cell and decrease the number of particles in the cytosol, causing water to leave the cell. Since cells have high intracellular concentrations of potassium, many of these mechanisms involve an increased efflux of K, either by stimulating the opening of potassium channels or by activating symport mechanisms for KCl |
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Term
| Resting membrane potential |
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Definition
-The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane of a normal living cell in its unstimulated state.
-Electrochemical potential: difference in concentration and electrical potential across a membrane
-Determined by those ions that can cross the membrane and are prevented from attaining equilibrium by active transport systems. Potassium, sodium, and chloride ions can cross the membranes of every living cell, and each of these ions contributes to this
-Not at equilibrium and is maintained by active transport |
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Term
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Definition
| -Action potentials are successively generated at neighboring nodes of Ranvier; therefore, the action potential in a myelinated axon appears to jump from one node to the next |
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Term
| General function of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
-Relay, amplify or modulate a signal between a neuron and another cell
-Action potential causes influx of ions into the neuron
-Vesicles move and bind to neuron terminal and release this into synapse
-Reversibly bind to receptors on postsynaptic cell
-Enzymes remove these and reuptake/recycle them |
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Term
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Definition
| -Proteins that are found on both the synaptic vesicle and plasma membrane that cause the synaptic vesicle to dock and bind to the presynaptic terminal membrane |
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Term
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibition |
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Definition
| -Prevents reuptake of ACh leaving it in the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
-This is released by neuron vesicles into the synapse
-Binds to receptor on postsynaptic cell
-It is removed from the synaptic cleft by uptake into the neuron and adjacent glial cells
-Glial cells convert this to glutamine and transfer back to the neuron
-Glutamine is used to synthesize this
-Inhibition of this binding can cause seizures |
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Term
| Skeletal muscle contraction |
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Definition
-Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca
-Calcium disrupts the tropomyosin complex
-Troponin is removed allowing the myosin to attach to the actin
-ATP attaches to myosin and is hydrolyzed allowing for the attachment to actin and contraction (myosin head does powerstroking)
-Contracted state is termed rigor
-Another ATP attaches to the ATP site on myosin and gets hydrolyzed causing the myosin head to retracted and detach to the actin filament
-The tropomyosin complex reforms |
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Term
| Skeletal muscle bands positions |
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Definition
-The A band stay the same length
-The I band shortens when the muscle contracts |
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Term
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Definition
| -Attaches to and disrupts the tropomyosin complex allowing the myosin head to attach to the actin filament |
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Term
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Definition
| -The amount of individual twitch contractions. To increase the intensity of overall muscle contraction, it can be achieved in two ways: (1) by increasing the number and size of contractile units simultaneously, called multiple fiber summation, and (2) by increasing the frequency at which action potentials are sent to muscle fibers, called frequency summation |
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Term
| Switching action of calcium |
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Definition
| -This, via the troponin-tropomyosin complex, controls the unblocking of the interaction between the myosin heads and the active site on the thin filaments. The geometry of each tropomyosin molecule allows it to exert control over seven actin monomers |
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Term
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Definition
-Glucose: preferred fuel for skeletal muscle contraction at higher levels of exercise
-Glycogen: breakdown increases rapidly during the first tens of seconds of vigorous exercise, anaerobic
-Fat: provide 50 to 60% of the energy for muscle contraction, mobilized from adipose tissue to provide metabolic fuel in the form of free fatty acids
-Protein: used by muscles for fuel mainly during dieting and starvation or during heavy exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| -Muscle stays the same length but for changes |
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Term
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Definition
| -Muscle force stays the same but the length changes |
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Term
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Definition
| -force exerted by a shortening muscle continuously increases as it shortens |
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Term
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Definition
| -force of contraction decreases as the muscle shortens |
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Term
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Definition
| -contraction is one in which shortening (not necessarily isotonic) takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| -A muscle is extended (while active) by an external force ie… descending stairs |
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Term
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Definition
| -Contraction results in no movement, but this may be due to partial activation (fewer motor units active) opposing a load that is not maximal |
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Term
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Definition
| -Result from drugs that partially mimic the action of ACh, bind tightly to ACh receptors, can cause paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
| -The load which a muscle lifts, called this because its magnitude and presence are not apparent to the muscle until after it has begun to shorten |
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Term
| Hemoglobin and hemoglobin types |
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Definition
-The red, oxygen-transporting protein of erythrocytes, consists of a globin portion and four heme groups
-Embryonic (embryos), fetal (fetuses and young children), hemoglobin A (adults), hemoglobin A2 (adults) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Phagocytes That Form a Primary Defense Against Bacterial Infection Using Reactive Oxygen Species for Killing |
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Term
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Definition
| -Characterized by Large Cytoplasmic Granules That Stain Red With Eosin, play a role in wound healing, also are involved in allergic reactions and are likely to contribute to chronic inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| -Inflammatory Granulocytes That Have Many Similarities to Mast Cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -Called null cells, capable of destroying tumor cells and virus-infected cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -Phagocytes and Migrate Into Tissues to Develop Into Macrophages, contain granules, which are packed with enzymes and chemicals that are used to ingest and destroy microbes, antigens, and other foreign substances |
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Term
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Definition
-Transport of substances from one area of the body to another
-Immunity, the body’s defense against disease
-Hemostasis, the arrest of bleeding
-Homeostasis, the maintenance of a stable internal environment |
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Term
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Definition
-Biconcave discs (allows for mobility and higher [hemoglobin])
-Anisocytosis, macrocytes, microcytes, burr cells, polkilocytosis, schistocytes
-Low hemoglobin, membrane abnormalities, hemoglobinopathies
-Formed (erythropoeisis initiated by erythropoeitin) from undifferential stem cells in the bone marrow
-Stem cell to normoblasts to reticulocytes to erythrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| -The primary defense against bacteria that phagocytize and destroy with reactive oxygen (free radicals) |
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Term
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Definition
| -This system is initiated by tissue factor (factor III) released from damaged cells. In the presence of Ca2, factor III converts factor VII to factor VIIa, which then forms a complex with factor III and Ca2. This complex converts factor X to factor Xa |
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Term
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Definition
| -In this system, factor XII is first converted to factor XIIa following its exposure to foreign surfaces, such as subendothelial matrix. Factor XIIa initiates a cascade of events, including activation of factor X, subsequent conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and, finally, fibrin formation |
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Term
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Definition
-The thymus and bone marrow are primary ones.
-Lymph nodes, tonsils, the spleen, and lymphatic tissue of the gut are secondary ones |
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Term
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Definition
-Release factors that increase blood flow and vascular permeability
-Does not phagocytize |
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Term
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Definition
-IgG antibodies bind to bacteria or virus-infected cells at the hypervariable region, which is a part of the Fab region
- That way, the pathogen is “tagged” for phagocytosis or destruction by free radicals and enzymes |
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Term
| Laboratory markers of inflammation |
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Definition
-Increased neutophils in peripheral blood
-Increased ESR
-Presence of the inflammatory triad: IL-1, IL-6, TNF
-Increased C-reactive protein |
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Term
| Hypersensitivity disorders |
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Definition
-Damaging immune responses elicited by allergens
-Immunodeficiency disorders: Caused by deficiencies (primary) or by illness in previously healthy person (secondary) |
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Term
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Definition
| Immune responses against the body's own tissue |
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