Term
|
Definition
A branch of the axon that go to different area
ex. cortical spinal tract |
|
|
Term
| What neurons have myelin in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe pseudounipolar neuron |
|
Definition
| Have a single “stem” that bifurcates to make distal and proximal processes that project to the target organ and the central nervous system,
respectively. This is the typical cell type in dorsal root ganglia (sensory neurons). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Have two processes.
Mainly associated with the special senses. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of neurons? |
|
Definition
1. Afferent (sensory) neurons (aka primary sensory neurons): From the body to the CNS
2. Efferent (motor) neurons: From the CNS to effectors
3. Interneurons (aka local circuit neurons): Connect neurons within CNS
4. Projection neurons: Long axons from site of origin to distant target, within CNS (ex. corticospinal neuron) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of relationship of cell body to end of axon? |
|
Definition
a. Ipsilateral: On the same side
b. Contralateral: On the opposite side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system that usually contains both afferent and efferent fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collection of axons with the origin (cell bodies) in one area or nucleus that projects to a discrete target. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large collection of axons (in spinal cord)that may contain multiple tracts with many
different terminations, but found within a defined region. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Discrete collection of axons, usually in the brainstem or ventral forebrain,
that contains axons from multiple sites and interconnects multiple areas.
Like a nerve interstate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| About 90% of cells in CNS, support cells for neurons and maintain extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maintains extracellular fluid, supports metabolic activity of neurons, assists formation of blood-brain barrier. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Macrophage-like cell that participates in immune function. |
|
|
Term
| Define ependymal glial cell |
|
Definition
Comprise lining of cerebral ventricles, and regulate cerebrospinal
fluid. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the blood brain barrier |
|
Definition
Barrier that keeps drugs/toxins out of the brain while allowing gas/sugar exchange.
Interesting- area that controls vomiting doesn't have the barrier, so it can be sensitive to toxins |
|
|
Term
| Can axons be regenerated? |
|
Definition
To some extent in the PNS
Severed axons in CNS do not regrow to target; they may sprout new endings, but function is not regained. |
|
|
Term
| What area connects the ascending and descending tracts? |
|
Definition
| The reticular formation, which connect to several destinations and sort information |
|
|
Term
What is a cell body in the CNS called?
What is a cell body in the PNS called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Central, butterfly-shaped cord region.
Contains cell bodies of neurons and glia, dendrites, axonal processes.
Appears gray due to lack of myelin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Surrounds gray matter.
Consists primarily of axons; those with myelin give the color.
White matter tracts connect regions of spinal cord, or
spinal cord with brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory (afferent) input reaches cord via dorsal roots, which consist of the axons of sensory neurons. |
|
|
Term
| What are in dorsal root ganglia? |
|
Definition
| Contain cell bodies of the pseudounipolar sensory neurons. |
|
|
Term
| What is in the ventral root? |
|
Definition
| Motor (efferent) output leaves the cord via ventral roots, which consist
of the axons of motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of motor neurons? |
|
Definition
| Alpha motor neurons and autonomic preganglionic neurons |
|
|
Term
| How many spinal nerves are there? |
|
Definition
| 31, formed by joining of dorsal and ventral roots |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the brainstem? |
|
Definition
| medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the brainstem? |
|
Definition
| Responsible for basic mechanisms of life: regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory function, sleep and wakefulness, posture and balance, etc.
Relays and integrates information between periphery and brain. (pre-processing)
Nuclei of most cranial nerves are located in brainstem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Relating to or denoting the front-to-back suture on top of the skull.
2. Of or in a plane parallel to this suture. |
|
|
Term
| Define the reticular formation |
|
Definition
Central core of the brainstem, involved in integrating
information from all sensory modalities and affecting motor outflow.
Biogenic amine nuclei are located in the reticular formation. |
|
|
Term
| If the cortex of the brain dies, is the person dead? |
|
Definition
| No, if the brainstem is still intact, the person can still live in a vegetative state |
|
|
Term
Where in the brain are the telencephalon, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla), and spinal cord located?
(Sagittal diagram on back of slide) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
1. Coordinates ongoing movements, and learns new movements
2. Receives input from all muscles, and other brain regions responsible for movement |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major developments of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
a. Cortex: Near surface, output cells from here project mainly to the deep nuclei.
b. Deep nuclei: Deeper in cerebellum, neurons in these nuclei provide output from cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cerebral cortex in the forebrain |
|
Definition
| Outer shell of gray matter in each hemisphere, about 3 mm thick. |
|
|
Term
| What connects two sides of the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are major output cells from the cortex called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the four lobes of the cortex and where are they located?
(Diagram on back) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basic function of the frontal lobe? |
|
Definition
| Higher thinking (personality) and motor function |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic function of the parital lobe? |
|
Definition
| Sensory function, especially from skin and muscle, and integrating with movement/vision |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic function of the occipital lobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basic function of the temporal lobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
| The thalamus and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the limbic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define subcortical nuclei |
|
Definition
Groups of cell bodies deep within hemispheres; the most
prominent are the basal ganglia.
Help control movement |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of basal ganglia and other nuclei associated with them? |
|
Definition
Basal ganglia: Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus.
Other nuclei associated with basal ganglia: Substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The major relay station to the cortex. Most sensory and motor input
from the body must relay through the thalamus before reaching the cortex.
The thalamus also is involved in arousal and attention. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This is the major endocrine center, and is responsible for
controlling body homeostasis. |
|
|
Term
| What are the cerebral vesicles? |
|
Definition
| CSF-filled, interconnected cavities within the brain |
|
|
Term
| Where are the cerebral vesicles? |
|
Definition
1. Right lateral
2. Left lateral
3. Within diencephalon (connected by aqueduct of Sylvius to #4)
4. Between cerebellum and brainstem |
|
|
Term
| What are the three brain meninges? |
|
Definition
1. Dura mater: Thickest and toughest, adjacent to skull.
2. Arachnoid: Middle layer.
3. Pia mater: Adjacent to brain and spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| Between what meningies does CSF circulate? |
|
Definition
| Subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia mater) |
|
|
Term
| How does CSF return to blood? |
|
Definition
| via arachnoid villi in a system similar to the lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| Define the choroid plexus |
|
Definition
| Part of lining of ventricles; appears tufted, with Ependymal cells that secrete CSF. |
|
|
