Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ:
HEART
SA Node (& conduction system) |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: ↓ Heart rate & conduction velocity |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Ach
Response: Relaxation (non-innervated) |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: LUNG Bronchial Muscle |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Contraction |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: LUNG Bronchial Glands |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Stimulation |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: EYE Sphincter Muscle (Iris) |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Contraction (Miosis) |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: EYE Ciliary Muscle (Lens) |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Contraction for near vision |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: STOMACH Motility and tone |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Increase |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: STOMACH Sphincters |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Relaxation (usually) |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: STOMACH Secretion |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Stimulation |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: INTESTINE Motility and tone |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Increase |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: INTESTINE Sphincters |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Relaxation (usually) |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: INTESTINE Secretion |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Stimulation |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: GALLBLADDER AND DUCTS |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Contraction |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: URINARY BLADDER
Detrusor Muscle |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Contraction |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: URINARY BLADDER Trigone and sphincter |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Relaxation |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: MALE SEX ORGANS |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic and Nitric Oxide (NO)
Response: Erection |
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Term
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: LACRIMAL & SALIVARY GLANDS |
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Definition
Cholinergic/Parasympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Secretion |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ:
HEART SA Node (& conduction system) |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: β1
Response: ↑ Heart rate & conduction velocity |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: HEART Ventricular Myocytes |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: β1
Response: ↑Contractility |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: α1, α2, β2
Response: Contraction
(Relaxation Non-innervated) |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: LUNG Bronchial Muscle |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: β2
Response: Relaxation |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: EYE Radial Muscle |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: α
Response: Contraction, pupil dilation (Mydriasis) |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: EYE Ciliary Muscle (Lens) |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: β2
Response: Relaxation for far vision |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: STOMACH
Motility and tone |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: α1, α2, β2
Response: Decrease (usually) |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: STOMACH Sphincters |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: α1
Response: Contraction (usually) |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: STOMACH Secretion |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: ?
Response: Inhibition |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: INTESTINE Motility and tone |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: α1, α2, β2
Response: Decrease (usually) |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: INTESTINE Sphincters |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: α1
Response: Contraction (usually) |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: INTESTINE Secretion |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: α2
Response: Inhibition |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: GALLBLADDER AND DUCTS |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: β2
Response: Relaxation |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: URINARY BLADDER Detrusor Muscle |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: β2
Response: Relaxation |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: URINARY BLADDER Trigone and Sphincter |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: α1
Response: Contraction |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: SKIN Eccrine sweat glands |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Muscarinic
Response: Secretion (sympathetic)
Receptor: α1
Response: Slight, localized Secretion |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: SKIN Pilomotor Muscles |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: α1
Response: Contraction |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: ADRENAL MEDULLA |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: Nicotinic (g)
Response: Secretion (sympathetic) |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: LIVER |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: α1,β2
Response: Glycogenolysis |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: ADIPOSE TISSUE |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: β1, (β3)
Response: Lipolysis |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ: JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: β1
Response: Renin secretion |
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Term
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Effector Organ LACRIMAL & SALIVARY GLANDS |
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Definition
Adrenergic/Sympathetic Actions:
Receptor: α
Response: slight secretion |
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Term
Drugs which act at the neuromuscular junction:
Acetylcholine receptor agonists |
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Definition
Drugs:
Methacholine
Carbachol
Nicotine |
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Term
Drugs which act at the neuromuscular junction:
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors |
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Definition
Drugs:
Neostigmine – short lasting
Physostigmine – short lasting
Actions / Symptoms postsynaptic:
Increased Ach levels
Used to treat neuromuscular diseases
Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate (Sarin Gas) – long lasting
Causes: Muscle spasms and death |
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Term
Toxins which act on the neuromuscular junction:
Presynaptic:
Botulism |
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Definition
Botulism – Clostridium botulinum
endopeptide toxin cleaves snare protein (synaptobrevin)
Muscle weakness, constipation, bradycardia, respiratory issues cause death
Treat conditions which cause tetanus - Dystonia |
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Term
Toxins which act on the neuromuscular junction:
Postsynaptic:
D-Tubocurare |
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Definition
D-Tubocurare– South American poison darts, plant extract
Reversible binds to nAchR’s – prevents opening
Used surgically to immobilize muscles |
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Term
Toxins which act on the neuromuscular junction:
Postsynaptic:
α-bungarotoxin |
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Definition
α-bungarotoxin – snake venom toxin – banded krait
Binds irreversibly to nAchR (bad)
Need anti-venom before too many receptors lost |
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Term
Toxins which act on the neuromuscular junction:
Postsynaptic:
μ-conotoxin |
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Definition
μ-conotoxin – marine cone snails
Block nAchR’s and voltage-gated Ca2+, Na+ channels |
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Term
Disorder:
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome (LEMS) |
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Definition
Presynaptic – abnormal motor neuron synapse leads to weakness and fatigue
Decreased end plate potentials upon stimulation (mEPP’s normal)
Loss of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
Linked to previously diagnosis of lung cancers
Autoimmune
Proximal muscles more affect than distal
Legs > arms
Ocular problems – Ptosis (70%)
Symptoms lessen when activity begins
Treatments
Immunosuppressants
K+ channel inhibitors |
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Term
Disorder:
Myasthenia Gravis |
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Definition
Postsynaptic – abnormalities on the muscle cells typically problems with nAchR
1 in 20,000 (young adult women, older men)
Decreased mEPP’s with normal quanta release
Muscle fatigue and weakness during activity
Proximal weakness, typically problems with respiration, speech and swallowing, arms
Ptosis – droopy eyelids, eye problems early
Auto immune attack on nAchR’s
Symptoms improve with rest
Treatments:
Immunosuppressants
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors |
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Term
Muscle Physiology/Pathophysiology:
Muscular Hypertrophy |
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Definition
Increase in muscle mass due to increase in number of actin and myosin in muscle fibers
Muscle loaded regularly show more hypertrophy
Stretching will cause new sarcomeres to be added - rapid |
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Term
Muscle Physiology/Pathophysiology:
Muscle Atrophy |
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Definition
loss of proteins due to lack of use
More rapid than hypertrophy
Lack of neural stimulation will cause atrophy |
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Term
Muscle Physiology/Pathophysiology:
Hyperplasia |
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Definition
| increase in muscle fiber number due to splitting of original fibers |
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Term
Muscle Physiology/Pathophysiology:
Rigor mortis |
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Definition
Loss of ATP production, continue locked state, contracture, 15-24 hours proteins decay
ATP needed for both relaxation and contraction |
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Term
Muscle Physiology/Pathophysiology:
Muscular Dystrophies |
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Definition
Defect: dystrophin gene and related membrane proteins
Weakens muscle membrane and causes muscle wasting in skeletal and smooth muscle
Signaling cascades resulting in cell death |
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Term
Muscle Physiology/Pathophysiology:
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy |
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Definition
Defect: dystrophin gene and related membrane proteins
Weakens muscle membrane and causes muscle wasting in skeletal and smooth muscle
Signaling cascades resulting in cell death
x-linked mutation
1 in 3500 male children
Symptoms: age 6, falling, weakness in legs
Tests: Same as usual plus (EMG, strength), serum CPK
Treatments: physical therapy and braces |
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Term
Muscle Physiology/Pathophysiology:
Malignant Hyperthermia |
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Definition
Problems with the regulation of intracellular Ca2+
Anesthetics (halothane), ether, muscle relaxants – succinylcholine
Autosomal dominant gene defect in RnyR
(1 in 50000)
Uncontrolled release of Ca2+ from SR
Rigidity, increase HR, hyperventilation and hyperthermia |
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Term
Muscle Physiology/Pathophysiology:
Central Core Disease |
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Definition
Rare.
Mutation in ryanodine receptor – congenital autosomal dominant (like MH)
Muscle weakness and loss of mitochondria (Ca2+ overload) |
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Term
Muscle Physiology/Pathophysiology:
Brody’s disease |
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Definition
Rare.
Muscle cramping and impaired relaxation
Autosomal dominant/recessive – SERCA mutations |
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