Term
| Relationship between PAMPs and PRRs |
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Definition
PAMP- Pathogen associated molecular patterns, Microbes possess some general molecular structures, which include certain lipopolysaccharides, proteins, carbs, viral and bacterial nucleic acids and a protein found in the flagellum of many bacteria. These structures are PAMPs.
PRRs- Pattern recognition Receptors, PAMPs are recognized by PRRs in the host, PRRs are present in both the plasma and on the plasma membrane of macrophages, B lymphocytes, dendritic, and endothelial cells. |
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Term
| Class I and type II MHC proteins |
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Definition
Class I present on all nucleated cells
Class II present on surface of macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells |
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Term
| Antigen presenting Macrophage |
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Definition
foreign antigen fragments are presented on the plasma membrance in association with the cell surface receptors called Major Histocompatibility Complex proteins (MHC) MHC proteins are unique to each person, with exception of identical twins.
3 types: Dendritic, Macrophage, and B lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
CD8+ cells- Recognize Antigens Associated with MHC class I protein
Travel to the location of antigen bearing cells and directly attack and kill infected and foreign cells and cancer cells.
-in both cancer and virus-infected cells the antigens are processed and displayed on the cell surface in associateion with class I MHC proteins
When cytotoxic T cells interact with these cells they kill these cells by releasing powerful chemicals, including perforin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), macrophage activating factor. |
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Term
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Definition
CD4+ Activate both B cells and cytotoxic T cells, vital for effective functions of the immune system- recognize antigens associated with MHC Class II protein
TH1- supports cell mediated immunity, low estrogen levels stim TH1, TH1 activity is decreased during stress*****(starred for exam in slides, know this!), increase in viral infection/activity
TH2 Supports humoral (antibody mediated) immunity, high estrogen levels stimulate TH2
*But helper T cells MUST be stimulated by foreign antigens.'
T cells are first activated by antigen presenting cells through major histocompatibility antigens (MHC)
CD4+ helper cells activate innate immune cells (macrophages and neutriphils), activate B cells (plasma cells) for antibody production, and activate cytotoxic killer cells. |
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Term
| Immune response to extracellular bacteria, viruses, and allergic reactions |
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Definition
| Look up Diagram in slides |
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Term
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Definition
Defensive response to tissue injury.
-limits the spread of pathogens, then destroy them , remove debris, initiates tissue repair.
-suffix -itis means inflammation of an organ. |
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Term
| Cardinal signs of inflammation |
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Definition
rubor (redness/erythema) caused by hyperemia (increased blood flow)
Swelling- Tumor/edema- caused by increased capillary permeability and filtration
Heat- Calor, caused by hyperemia
Pain- Dolor- caused by inflammatory chemicals (bradykinins, prostaglandins) secreted by damaged cells, pressure on nerves. |
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Term
| How does the inflammatory reflex inhibit inflammation? |
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Definition
Pro-inflammatory cytokinins: interleukin-1 and 6 (IL1 and IL6), interferons (IFNs) and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF- alpha) activate pons via vagus nerve via afferent pathway.
Anti-inflammatory chemicals: Cortisol, ACh (parasympathetic pathway) NE and E (Also produced by macrophages and neutrophils) and spermine through activation of efferent pathway. |
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Term
| Functions of the complement system |
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Definition
a group of over 20 different proteins in blood that work to complement the work of antibodies in destroying bacteria.
-activates both adaptive and innate immune responses
Complement activation: Classical/ specific pathway or alternate pathway
Enhanced inflammation: Stims the release of inflammatory chemicals
-opsinization- promosted phagocytosis
-Cytolysis- membrane attack complex
1.Has itnrinsic ability to cause lysis of many bacteria
2. Complement products attract phagocytes by chemotaxis
3. complement components coat bacteria (opsinization) which allow the phagocytes to recognize these bacteria and phagocytose them
Complement Proteins form membrane attack complex (MAC) |
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Term
| How are leukocytes deployed to the wound? |
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Definition
1. Margination- leukocytes adhere to blood vessel walls (cell adhesion molecules)
2. Diapedesis- leukocytes squeeze between endothelial cells into tissue space
3. chemotaxis- leukocytes are attracted to inflammatory chemicals
4. Phagocytosis
Neutrophils are the first to arrive to wound |
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Term
| AIDS, immune system and opportunistic infections |
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Definition
HIV targets and destorys the Helper T-cells (CD4+) and weakens the immune system
-without healper t-cells neither the b lymphocytes nor the cytotoxic t lymphocytes can function effectively
-often associate with cancers- hodgkins disease and kaposis sarcoma
-opportunistic protozoan, fungal, bacterial and viral infections follow. |
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Term
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Definition
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)- immature lymphocute cells, called blasts, remain very immature and cannot perform their functions. The blasts increase in number rapidly, and the disease progresses quickly.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)- some blasts present, but they are more mature and able to perform some of their functions. The cells grow more slowly and the number icnreases less quickly, so the disease progresses gradually. |
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Term
| Pregnancy and immune system |
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Definition
at maternal-fetal itnerface, placenta produces membrane-bound and secreted proteins of the MHC/Hyman Lymphocyte Antigen genes (HLA)
-these proteins suppress the adaptive/specific immune system during pregnancy by surpressing the activity of cytotoxic and helper t cells, antigen presenting cells and natural killer cells.
-to compensate for this, the innate (nonspecific) defense system is highly activated during pregancy.
-placenta also synthesizes a protein that prevents rejection of the placenta
-women who have recurrent miscarriages have increase in natural killer cells in the womb. Cortisol treatment can help these women. |
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Term
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Definition
normally body only attacks foreign antigens because during fetal and neonatal period clonal deletion and clonal inactivation remove the self recognizing lymphocytes
-in autoimmmune disease, the system minstakenly attacks the self antigens on the host tissue.
-stressed young women are at higher risk for developing autoimmune disease because of the involvement of estrogen
-sjorgrens syndrome- exocrine glands
-multiple sclerosis- myelin is the target
-myasthenia gravis- ACH receptor is target
-RA- synovial joint is target
-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1)- insulin producing B cells are target.
Alzheimers, parkinsons, and ALS are believed to be immunologically mediated. |
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Term
| How does gut bacteria mediate allergies? |
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Definition
| a specific surface molecule from a single strain of symbiotic bacteria, ex: capsular polysaccharide A from Bacteroides fragilis, influences the normal devo and function of mucosal immune system. |
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Term
| How does gut bacteria mediate allergies? |
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Definition
a specific surface molecule from a single strain of symbiotic bacteria, ex: capsular polysaccharide A from Bacteroides fragilis, influences the normal devo and function of mucosal immune system.
-newoirn babies- human milks hastens the devo of gut and immune system, which are immature at birth.
Breast milk reinforces the barrier function of neonatal gut epithelium and provides the principal source of secretory IgA antibodies during the first months of life. |
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