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| which blood group is the universal donor? |
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| which blood group is the universal recipient? |
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temporary endocrine gland during pregnancy
secretes: gonadotropins, estrogen, and progesterone |
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| secretes 2 hormones involved with regulating blood glucose levels (glucagon and insulin) |
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| causes an increase in blood glucose |
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| causes a decrease in blood glucose |
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aldosterone (regulates electrolytes and fluids)
cortisol (regulates inflammatory response)
androgens |
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| secretes T3 and T4 and calcitonin |
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| secretes many hormones that stimulate or inhibit the pituitary gland |
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composed of anterior and posterior pituitary
produces many important hormones |
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| all organs of the endocrine system are considered... |
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a homeostatic mechanism which regulates hormones
when a hormone is secreted it produces an effect, and when too much of the effect is present the gland is triggered to stop producing that hormone |
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rare, but would amplify the effects of hormones
ex: increasing strength of contractions during pregnancy |
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Amino Acid Based Hormones
Hormone binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane, which then initiates a second messenger that stimulates the cell from the inside |
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In Steroid Based Hormones
hormones can penetrate the plasma membrane and bind directly to a hormone receptor on the DNA and "turn on" specific genes, such as protein synthesis |
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| secretes into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity |
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secretes directly into the intracellular space
from there it diffuses into the blood system |
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reproduction
growth
development
mobilization of body defenses |
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| Hormones Control Maintenance of... |
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water
nutrients
electrolytes
energy balance |
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| amino acid based hormones |
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| synthesized from proteins |
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| synthesized from cholesterol |
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| lipids; considered hormones |
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released into the blood stream
travel around the body
affects a target cell by altering their activity
(increase/decrease the rates of the cellular process)
hormonal stimulus produces changes in the target cell |
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| Changes in the Target Cell |
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alters plasma membrane permeability in opening or closing ion channels
stimulates production of proteins/enzymes in the cell
activates or deactivates enzymes
increases secretions
stimulates cell division |
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| 3 major phases to hemostasis |
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vascular spasms
coagulation
clot retraction and repair |
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| forms a platelet plug (vessels constrict to slow blood and platelets in the presence of damaged vessels start to stick together) |
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blood goes from liquid to gel
clotting factors join fibrinogen molecules together, forming a fibrin mesh which traps more platelets and RBCs, which seals the hole in the vessel |
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| clot retraction and repair |
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platelets in the clot contract, pulling the edges of the tear closer together
cells in the vessel are stimulated and multiply to restore the vessel wall |
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| clot blood to stop bleeding |
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| immune defense through phagocytosis |
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| immune defense through phagocytosis (eating of microbes) |
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antibody production
cellular immune response |
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aka leukocytes
defend and attack
1% of blood |
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inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen
cases tiredness and decreased cellular function |
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low RBC count
lack of hemoglobin
genetic mutation
iron deficiency |
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located in RBCs
contains 4 heme pigments, which contain iron which binds to oxygen molecules |
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aka erythrocytes
transports oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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| liquid (plasma) and cell fragments (formed elements) |
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made up of water and dissolved substances
food, salts, and wastes are dissolved
hormones are transported in the plasma |
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| red and white blood cells, platelets |
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transportation of hormones, gases, and wastes
regulates pH, temperature, and fluid volume
provides protection against infection and blood loss |
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