Term
| what are the gases in the atmosphere and in what proportions are they found: |
|
Definition
- Oxygen (20%)
- Nitrogen (80%)
- CO2 (< 1%) |
|
|
Term
| How to measure in a mixture? |
|
Definition
- Law of partial pressures
- % of gas in question * total atmospheric pressure to get partial pressure of each gas |
|
|
Term
| Name the upper structures of respiratory system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the Lower structures of respiratory system ( say it in order)!!! |
|
Definition
| Larynx trachea- bronchi- bronchioles- alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Trachea and Bronchi (description) |
|
Definition
- cartilage with smooth muscle
- epithelial cells with cilia and secrete mucus- filter for dust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- smooth muscle
particles in here are removed by alveolar macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Both can dilate or constrict
- Sympathetic stimulation leads to vasoconstriction but bronchiodilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- site of gas exchange—air sacs in the lungs
- 300 million
- Big surface area necessary for efficient gas exchange
- Walls of alveoli are very thin- rapid diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete surfactant: reduce surface tension in the alveolar air-water interface, which decrease the resistance to stretch and the work of breathing |
|
|
Term
| what is Respiratory distress syndrome? |
|
Definition
- happens in premature babies
- they don’t have surfactant
- leads to “stiff” lungs with collapsed areas breathing needs extraordinary effort |
|
|
Term
| Inspiration: what happens to the lung,and which muscle allows for this action to happen? |
|
Definition
- thoracic cage enlarges, lung expands- air in drawn in
- done by the contraction of the diaphragm and contraction of the intercostals muscles |
|
|
Term
| Pathway for air during inspiration, and bodily changes as air moves in to the body |
|
Definition
| Medulla Oblangata (brain center + pacemaker for respiration)- spinal cord/phrenic nerve- external intercostal muscles diaphragm contracts- rib cage wall expands- pleural wall expands and pressure drops- alveoli expand and pressure drops- air flows into the alveoli |
|
|
Term
Expiration - is it active or passive?
what happens to muscles? what happens to lungs, what happens to chest? |
|
Definition
- passive processs
- inspiratory muscles relax- diaphragm assumes resting position
- lungs and chest wall return to former position and air is driven out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diaphragm is pushed upward and internal intercostals muscles pull the ribcage down- air expulsed |
|
|
Term
| Pressure changes during breathing |
|
Definition
At rest:
- interpleural fluid (-3 compared to atmos)
- lungs is atmos
During inspiration:
- interpleural drops
- lung pressure drops |
|
|
Term
| Control of respiration (voluntary and involuntary control) |
|
Definition
1. Voluntary control from the cerebral cortex
2. Autonomic control from the Medulla/pons |
|
|
Term
| Chemical Control of Respiration: |
|
Definition
1. Peripheral chemoreceptors
- located @ carotid/aortic bodies
- detect changes in level of oxygen and CO2
2. Central Chemoreceptors
- located in medulla oblongata near the respiratory centers
- detect changes in the level of CO2 and Hydrogen ions |
|
|
Term
| Describe 4 features of Asthma |
|
Definition
- chronic respiratory disease
- airways become constricted
- excessive amount of mucus in the airways
- leads to shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, difficulty exhaling |
|
|
Term
| Describe 4 features of Emphysema: |
|
Definition
- chronic lung disease
- caused by loss elasticity in lung tissue and destruction of structures supporting the alveoli
- air gets “trapped” in the lungs
- symptoms are shortness of breath, hypoventilation and expanded chest, hypoxia |
|
|
Term
| What is % of O2 in blood, how much of blood is bound to Hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
*2 % of O2 is dissolved in the blood for transport
* 98% is bound to Hemoglobin (need to dbl check in class notes) |
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin (Hb)( name 6 structural features) |
|
Definition
- globular protein
- Tetramer with alpha and beta monomers
- 4 subunits ( 2 alpha, 2 beta, gamma instead of beta in HbF): heme + polypeptide chain
- 4 heme groups- organic part + iron atom
- 4 O2 per/Hb
- 4 poryphrin rings |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen transport via Hb:(how does it happen) |
|
Definition
- Oxygen can only bind Hb when the iron is in ferrous state (+2)
- Cooperative binding: Once one 02 binds, Hb structure is loosened, making it consequently easier for the other O2 molecules to bind |
|
|
Term
| Effect of altitude on oxygen: (2 effects) |
|
Definition
- Can lead to hypoxia- lack of oxygen in the tissues
- Symptoms: headache, irritability, insomnia |
|
|
Term
| Adaptations to high altitudes or low oxygen (3 bullet points) |
|
Definition
1. Greater delivery of O2 to blood
- Increased ventilation
2. Enhanced O2 carrying capacity of blood due to increase in red cell production
- Kidney releases erythropoietin
3. Easier delivery of O2 to the tissues
- 2,3 DPG increases- allows more O2 to be released to the tissues
- Increase in vascularization: growth of new capillaries
- Kidneys excrete more bicarbonate to respond to alkaline body fluid and increase H+ ions |
|
|
Term
Hb saturation and loading curve features
Name the shape, and what process does it describe |
|
Definition
- S shaped
- Shows the property of cooperative binding |
|
|
Term
| moves hemoglobin curve left and where in the body does this happen? |
|
Definition
- if @ lungs
- HbF
- High Ph
- Low CO2
- Lower temp. |
|
|
Term
| what shifts the hemoglobin curve right , and where does this process happen! |
|
Definition
- if @ tissues
- HbA
- Low Ph
- High CO2
- 2,3 DPG |
|
|
Term
| HbF: (refers to fetal hemoglobin) 3 bullet points |
|
Definition
- has a stronger affinity for O2 than HbA
- does not bind DPG as easily as HbA
- Advantage for the fetus |
|
|
Term
| CO2 Transport:(3 bullet points) |
|
Definition
1. Some by Hb
2. Carried as bicarbonate (enzyme involved: carbonic anhydrase)—buffers, such as Hb take care of excess H+ ions that arise from creation of bicarbonate
3. some dissolved in the blood? (check this) |
|
|
Term
| What happens to free H+ resulting from the production of bicarbonate 1. at the tissues, and 2. at the lungs? |
|
Definition
Tissues: H+ combines with Hb and aids release of O2
Lungs: H+ combines with HCO3- and aids release of CO2 |
|
|
Term
| CO: (carbon Monoxide)what does it do? |
|
Definition
| - competitively binds to Hb instead of O2- DEADLY!!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Penis
Scrotum
PRostate
Seminal Vescicles
Vas deferens
Cowpers/Bulborethral gland |
|
|
Term
| describe function of Penis |
|
Definition
sex organ; male reproductive organ as well as site of urination
- organ of intromission, delivers sperm through urethral canal into vagina |
|
|
Term
| describe function of Scrotum |
|
Definition
| external sex organ, contains testicles, keep testes as a lower temp than the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
describe function of Prostate
WHAT TYPE OF GLAND IS IT, Endo or Exocrine? What does it do? |
|
Definition
exocrine gland that stores and secretes alkaline fluid that is a component of the seminal fluid, which is part of the semen.
- contains smooth muscle that helps expel the sperm during ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| Seminal Vescicle? what percent? of total does seminal vescicle hold) |
|
Definition
| secrete seminal fluid- makes up 70% of seminal fluid |
|
|
Term
| describe Vas deferens, what does it do? what happens in a vasectomy? )(remember root "tom" means to cut)...ie. apendectomy, etc. |
|
Definition
made up of 2 tubes
- during ejaculation, smooth muscle contracts to propel the sperm forward
- are cut in a vasectomy |
|
|
Term
| Cowpers gland/Bulborethral --> what does it do |
|
Definition
| 2 exocrine glands located at the base of the penis, produce pre-ejaculate during sexual arousal which helps lubricate the urethra for the passage of sperm and to help flush out residual urine or foreign matter |
|
|
Term
| What happens during an Erection, name both genital changes, how they occur, and neural changes that allow of this to happen! |
|
Definition
- purpose of this is to make penis more capable of penetrating the vagina
- occurs following sexual excitation
- erectile tissue: has small elastic chambers of modified and vascular tissue that can fill with blood
- Penile arterioles dilate blood filling turgidity/inflation of erectile bodies- blood trapped in erectile tissue- penis hardens and erection occurs
- Somatic-autonomic spinal reflex (sacral segments of the spinal cord = neural center of control)
- PS Ach, NO lead to vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| what is erectile dysfunction? what can be done to help someone with ED? |
|
Definition
): reduced ability for penile erection
- drugs such as Viagra can be used- enhances vasodilatory f(x) of NO |
|
|
Term
| What happens during ejaculation? basic answer |
|
Definition
| - reflex expulsion of the semen |
|
|
Term
| What are the two steps to ejaculation? (looking for 2 words) |
|
Definition
| Emission, and Ejaculation proper |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Emission and Ejaculation proper/what happens during each? |
|
Definition
1. Emission: movement of sperm into ejaculatory duct (fac. By smooth muscle contractions in VD, controlled by S stimulation)
2. Ejaculation proper: repeated contractions of the bolbospongious muscle expel semen through urethra in pulsatile manner - cannot be interrupted by inhibitory stimuli from brain
- sensory receptors located at glans penis, with centers in the lumbar spinal cord |
|
|
Term
what are the two functions of the testes
(2 WORDS) |
|
Definition
1. Spermatogenesis
2. Secretion of testosterone |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of the testes (3 bullets) |
|
Definition
Structure:
- each testis into lobules
- Lobules have 1-4 seminiferous tubules: site of sperm production
- Basement membrane provides support |
|
|
Term
| what are the cell types attached to basement membrane: |
|
Definition
1. Primordial germ cells
2. sertoli cells: supportive epithelial cells
- Leydig cells: located in between the spaces between the ST’s produce testosterone |
|
|
Term
| Spermatogenesis - how long does it take, how many sperm per cycle...remember (genesis = creation, or birth) |
|
Definition
| - takes about 10 weeks, over 500 sperm cells per/cycle |
|
|
Term
| HOW does sperm form? SAY IT IN ORDER and know if it's N or 2n for the test. |
|
Definition
Spermatogonia (2N)
mitosis
Primary Spermatocyte (2N)
meosis
Secondary Spematocyte (N)
Spermatids (N)
Spermiogenesis
Spermatozoa (N) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the role of Sertoli Cells (6 bullets) |
|
Definition
1. Support germ cells- help move along epithelium
2. engulf and digest remaining cytoplasmic pieces and cellular debris left over from spermiogenesis
3. help with spermeation- releasing sperm into lumen
4. secrete fluid that helps sperm transport
5. provides nutrients and metabolites to developing cells
6. provide a testis-blood barrier which protects sperm from antibodies and t-cell attacks |
|
|
Term
| when is spermatogenesis best...has to do with the hanging outside scrotum..and temperature |
|
Definition
| • Spermatogenesis is best at a few degrees below body temp. |
|
|
Term
| what is a requirement for seratoli cell function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Androgen Binding Protein: |
|
Definition
| : formed and secreted by sertoli cells; carrier and reservoir for testosterone |
|
|
Term
| Spermatozoa structure and f(x): |
|
Definition
- 50 micrometers, very motile
- Head
• nuclelus
• acrosome: acrosomal enzymes needed for penetration of egg
- Mid-piece: has mitrochondria for energy
- Tail: flagella for motility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : acrosomal enzymes needed for penetration of egg |
|
|
Term
| What is found in the midpiece of the sperm? I want you to draw a sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is a man considered infertile? WHat is normal # of sperm per ejaculate |
|
Definition
| *sperm counts 20 percent below normal indicate infertility ; 300 *10^6 = normal/ejaculate |
|
|
Term
| waht are the 3 components of semen? |
|
Definition
1. Seminal fluid (80 %):
2. Sperm (10%)
3. Alkaline and mucus from Cowper’s gland (10%) |
|
|
Term
| what is found in seminal fluid 5 bullets |
|
Definition
1. Seminal fluid (80 %):
- from seminal vesicles & prostate
- provides environment for sperm nourishment and survival
- Seminal Vesicles: nutrients: fructose, lipids, amino acids, vitamins- for sperm survival and activity
- Prostate: proteins and enzymes needed for clotting and lysing
- prostaglandins: stimulate smooth muscles in female to aid in sperm transport |
|
|
Term
| which type of cells secrete testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of testosterone |
|
Definition
F(X):
1. Adult male sexuality and reproduction
- maintains spermatogenesis and secretions of sex organs and glands
- maintainence of secondary male sex characteristics
- libido
2. actions on development of reproductive system and brain on fetal male---puberty
- puberty- growth and maturation of sex organ and secondary sex characteristics
3. Non-reproductive, anabolic effects in adult
- bone growth, calcium deposition
- increase kidney size and formation of RBC |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of the hormone FSH? |
|
Definition
| - regulates sertoli cells and spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
| who secretes inhibin, and what does it do |
|
Definition
| - secreted by sertoli cells and acts on the Ant. Pituitary to regulate FSH release by negative feedback |
|
|
Term
| what initiates the release of LH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if testosterone levels are low? |
|
Definition
Hypothalamus: GnRH- Ant. Pituitary: LHstimulates Leydig cells to increase T release
- Pulsatile secretion based on pulsatile secretion of GnRH |
|
|
Term
| what is pulsatile secretion, and where is it seen? |
|
Definition
| - Pulsatile secretion of LH based on pulsatile secretion of GnRH |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 main structures of the female reproductive system |
|
Definition
| Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, Fimbriae, OVary, Vagina! EXCITING your favorite! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uterus: site of development of a fertilized ovum, organ of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fallopian Tubes: lead from the ovaries to the uterus site of fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fimbria: fringe of tissue near the ovary leading to the fallopian tube, moves to help usher egg released from the ovary into tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ovary: egg production, storage and release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vagina: leads from the uterus to the exterior of the body, birth canal and site of sexual action |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 phases or umbrella categories of the menstrual cycle |
|
Definition
1. Proliferative phase
2. Secretory Phase |
|
|
Term
What happens in the proliferative phase
How many days does this phase take |
|
Definition
- estrogen endometrial glands with many blood vessels formed
- days 6-14 |
|
|
Term
| what happens between the proliferative and secretory phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ovulation: release of the egg |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the secretory phase? how long does this phase last? |
|
Definition
2. Secretory Phase
- increasing progesterone from corpus luteum- endometrial gland to secrete fluid rich in proteins and glycogen (important for embryo intake adherence)
- days 14-28 |
|
|
Term
| what happens if htere is no fertilization? (YOUR FAVORITE MONTHLY VISITOR!!!) |
|
Definition
*When no fertilization:
- corpus luteum regresses, reducing secretion of E and P- endometrium collapses - menstrual flow (= 5 days….days 1-5) |
|
|
Term
| I want you to make a chart of Female reproductory system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two phases of the ovarian cycle |
|
Definition
| Follicular phase, Luteal PHase |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the Follicular Phase (6 bullets) |
|
Definition
- a follicle matures- theca and granulose cells are formed along with a fluid filled antrum
- Primary oocyte gains back meotic divisions and matures
- FSH needed for proliferation of granulose
- LH needed for estrogen secretion
- Estrogen is secreted by gransulosa and theca cells, increases during this phase
- Burst in LH leads to ovulation |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the Luteal Phase |
|
Definition
- remaining follicular cells make the corpus luteum- secretes progesterone, much increased after ovulation
- formation of corpus luteum mainly controlled by LH |
|
|
Term
| what happens in OOgenesis? what is it, remember again (genesis = creation or birth)..(ova = egg) ..wat are the steps, and remember you need to know how much DNA is there at each stage |
|
Definition
Primary oocyte (2N)
Meosis I
Secondary oocyte (N)
Fertilization
Meosis II
Ovum (N) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 4 sperm (even division)
- Continuous
- No cytosol DNA
- No mitochondrial DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 1 ovum/3 polar bodies (uneven)
- Discontinuous
- Receive cyotosol DNA
- Receive mitochondrial DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| QUick Fact - when is a woman reproductive and when does it end |
|
Definition
| *A woman generally becomes reproductive around the age of 12 and reproductive function ceases around the age of 40-50 (menopause) |
|
|
Term
| Role of pituitary gonadotropins: |
|
Definition
- FSH essential in proliferation and growth of granulosa cells
- LH needed for estrogen production and induction of ovulation and growth of corpus luteum
- Act via G protein mechanism
- Controlled by GnRH, which is released from the hypothalamus in pulses |
|
|
Term
| what does Estrogen Negative feedback control refer to |
|
Definition
| low levels of estrogen act via negative feedback stimulate hypothal to increase pulsatile output of GnRH increased levels of LH and FSH. Occurs at onset of ovarian cycle |
|
|
Term
| what does Estrogen positive feedback control refer to |
|
Definition
| high levels of estrogen lead to LH burst and moderate increase in FSH levels- ovulation |
|
|
Term
| what is the Role of Inhibin? |
|
Definition
| from granulose cells inhibits FSH secretion |
|
|
Term
Speed of movement of sperm
how fast do he swim? what facilitates his movement? how many o him make it to the finish line? |
|
Definition
the sperm tail enables it to swim, swim @ a rate of 3 mm/min- reach uterine tube in an hour
- transport also facilitated by uterine contractions
- fewer than one in a million sperm reach the egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains acrosomal enzymes which help facilitate sperm penetration |
|
|
Term
| How many sperm are found in the semen? |
|
Definition
| - about 300 million but only .1 % reach uterine tube and less than 100 reach the egg |
|
|
Term
| Role of sperm number in fertility |
|
Definition
| - if 1/3 the normal count---clinically infertile |
|
|
Term
| Sperm and Egg survival: how long do each survive |
|
Definition
- sperm can survive up to 4 days in the female
- if frozen, sperm can last several years
- the egg can only last one day after ovulation, optimum fertilization time is 12 hours after ovulation |
|
|
Term
| How many days take it take the young embryo to reach the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal site of fertilization *** EXAM ?*** |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- necessary for fertilization
- removal of glycoprotein coat that covers the acrosome
- occurs in uterine tube |
|
|
Term
| What barriers does the sperm have to go through before reaching the egg cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
- after capcitation, the egg plasma membrane engulfs sperm
- First barrier: Corona Radiata
- zona reaction: chemical modification of zona pellucida, which blocks penetration by more sperm (acrosome used here) egg completes meosis II
- Cortical rxn triggered by acrosomal rxn- calcium release + sperm penetration- egg is now activated |
|
|
Term
| Why is the egg so much bigger than the sperm? |
|
Definition
- The egg is a lot bigger because it has large nutrient reserves - cytoplasmic granules/yolk
- The yolk contains nutrients for the young embryo
- Zona pellucia: between follicar cells and egg membrane- provides mechanical support and protects young embryo against maternal antibodies and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps to Embryonic development: (5 steps) |
|
Definition
1. Zygote
2. series of cleavage divisions
3. Morula ( about 4 days)- traversing uterine tube
4. early blastocyte (about day 5); still has zona pelludica
5. Late blastocyte-( day 6) gets burrowed and implanted within the uterine endometrium |
|
|
Term
| What mechanisms aid the young embryo move toward the uterus? |
|
Definition
- the young embryo is propelled toward the uterus by action of the cilia of the mucosal lining and by contractions of the oviduct
- 4 days to do this |
|
|
Term
| How do identical twins form? |
|
Definition
- 2 blastomeres from single zygote or if inner cell mass divides into 2 separate masses
- Monozygotic development
- Generally accidental |
|
|
Term
| Why more multiple births in recent years? |
|
Definition
| ** MY ANSWER** invitro fertilization, science, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones increase during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
-hCG is secreted into the blood- helps form the corpus luteum of pregnancy
- increased amounts of progesterone and estrogen
hCS- glucosing sparing for fetus |
|
|
Term
| Duration of human pregnancy: |
|
Definition
- 38 weeks/270 days from conception
- Birth occurs about 284 days after the first day of the last menstruation before pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of pregnancy in humans? |
|
Definition
- presence of hCG in maternal blood
- ceasing of menstruation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- LH like gonadotropin
- Helps form corpus leuteum of pregnancy
- Peaks during first trimester and then falls off |
|
|
Term
| what is the Role of estrogen and progesterone: |
|
Definition
- secretion of E and P stimulate the growth and secretions of the endometrium to ensure support of the developing embryo
- E also plays a role in uterine contractions |
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin: origin, function, purpose means |
|
Definition
- released from the posterior pituitary
- stimulates uterine contractions
- in late pregnancy, estrogen- 100 fold increase in oxytocin receptors- powerful contractile effects on uterus
- neurohormonal reflex: cervix dilates- stretch receptors- hypothal/post. Pit-oxytocin
- Pulsatile release of oxytocin during labor bc of a positive feedback loop, terminated after fetal expulsion and relaxation of the cervix |
|
|
Term
| What hormone softens the pelvic tissues in preparation for work? |
|
Definition
| - Relaxin- secreted by the corpus leuteum of pregnancy and by the placenta |
|
|
Term
| Milk Production: where and how |
|
Definition
- done by the mammary glands from the breast
- Mammary glands:
*1. alveolar cells- extract raw materials, synthesize milk proteins, lactose and other nutrients- secrete milk into the alveolar sacs
*2. ducts- through which the milk flow and connect to outlets in the nipples |
|
|
Term
| What hormones stimulate the growth and development of mammary glands? |
|
Definition
- estrogen (during puberty): duct growth
- Progesterone (during puberty): alveolar growth
- Pregnancy: sex steroids, prolactin, and hCS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- released from ant. Pituitary
- stimulates milk production
- suckling is a stimulus for pulsatile prolactin release- stimulation of nipple tactile receptors-hypothalamus- reduced levels of release inhibiting hormone/increase in hypothalamic release hormone for prolactin- increase in prolactin release by post. Pit. |
|
|
Term
| Ejection of milk: how do it happen |
|
Definition
| - suckling of nipples receptors- hypothal/post pit- release of oxytocin- milk ejection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
: initial human milk
- rich in antibody proteins
- released around childbirth and before the onset of milk formation
- no fat and little water
- intestine can absorb immunoglobins- passive immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 88% water, carbs, protein, and fat
- Vitamins and minerals
- Initially, rich in protein, later, fat and lactose proportions increase |
|
|
Term
| human in Comparison to cow’s milk: |
|
Definition
| - human milk is higher in lactose, lower in protein and similar in fat content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- X and Y chromosomes determine the genetic sex at fertilization
- Genetic sex is determined by father |
|
|
Term
| what does a kidney structure look like |
|
Definition
Structure:
- 3 main regions:
1. the cortex
2. medulla
3. pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Nephron:
- functional unit of the kidney |
|
|
Term
| what are the diff parts of the nephron |
|
Definition
Bowman’s capsule: top end of the nephron
Proximal Tubule: near origin of nephron
Loop of Henle: dips into the depth of the medulla and becomes continuous with
Distal Tubule which empties into the
Collecting Duct |
|
|
Term
| Cortical nephrons (majority): |
|
Definition
| originate in the outer portions of the cortex and have short loops of henle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| originate closer to the medulla and have long loops of henle- important for water conservation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- regulate the concentration of salt and water in the blood through formation and excretion of urine
- osmoregulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion |
|
|
Term
| 1. Filtration - where it occur, and how does it occur |
|
Definition
- occurs at glomerulus
- fluid in Bowman’s capsule is a filtrate of blood plasma
- filtrate is isotonic with the blood plasma
- molecules too large to filter this way remain in the circulatory system
- characterized by high blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- characterized by low pressure
- mainly in proximal tubule
- some happens in the loop of henle and the distal tubule
- “puts good stuff back into the blood” (ie- amino acids, glu, sodium, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- secrete out wastes and other things that cannot be filtered
- happens in the distal tubule, and the collecting duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- small, uncharged molecules (glu)
- proteins CANNOT be filtered
- slightly charged ions can pass through- ex: Na+ |
|
|
Term
| Which adrenal hormone stimulates salt reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| - Aldosterone, promotes reabsorptionof Na+ by distal tubule and upper collecting ducts. After Na+ is absorbed, then Cl- follows to preserve electrical neutrality and then water follows. |
|
|
Term
| How does aldosterone system work/get activated? (describe process) |
|
Definition
Renin- forms juxtaglomerular apparatus (detects b/p) and then catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen (fr. Liver) to angiotensin I.
- secretion of renin increased by sympathetic stimulation
Angiotensin I is changed to angiotensin II by ACE enzyme
Angiotensin II then split to Angiotensin III both of these are active and stimulate the secretion of aldosterone as well as thirst, they also stimulate vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus: |
|
Definition
- specialized cells of the distal tubule (macula densa)
- decrease in fluid delivery to macula densa leads to more renin release |
|
|
Term
| ***FACT****volume receptors in the walls of the atria measure volume- if low- sympathetic impulses- renin *** |
|
Definition
| FACT****reduced pressure in the afferent arterioles of the kidney enchances renin secretion; independent of nerve impulses *** |
|
|
Term
| what is the Renal threshold |
|
Definition
| 180-200 mg/dL; level at which the kidney is no longer able to reabsorb the glucose filtered in the Bowman’s capsule back into the plasma defense mechanism of the body against excess hyperglycemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The renin/angiotensin system’s relation to hypertension: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is wrong with drinking seawater and why this leads to dehydration/death? |
|
Definition
| - hypertonic?- shrinking of cells? |
|
|
Term
| Which salt does the Kidney actively reabsorb? |
|
Definition
- Na+
- Active transport via the Na+/K+ pump
- Cl¬- is usually reabsorbed along with Na+
- Na+ transport is coupled to reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, lactate and phosphate |
|
|
Term
| Role of Loop of Henle in water reabsorption |
|
Definition
- create a hypertonic interstitial fluid in the medulla
- collecting ducts pass through this fluid via route to ureter and allow water to be withdrawn by osmosis to the interstitial duct
- descending limbs of loop are permeable to both water and sodium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- tissue osmolarity increases from cortex to the inner medulla
- urea and salt contribute to sustaining this gradient |
|
|
Term
| Role of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin: |
|
Definition
- acts to increase water reabsorption
- produced in hypothal and released from post. Pit
- acts on the collecting duct/distal tubule and increases its permeability to water
- the amount produced is dependent on plasma osmolarity:
*@ high solute concentration in blood increased ADH
*@ low solute concentration in blood decrease ADH
*rise in osmotic pressure of blood-increase ADH |
|
|
Term
| Regulatory vs. obligatory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
characterized by large amounts of severely diluted urine, denotes kidney’s inability to concentrate urine.
- caused by defiency or kidney insensitivity to ADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- water
- salt
- acid
- urea- nitrogenous waste product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FACT*production of urea occurs in the liver, converted from toxic ammonia; raises osmolarity in the kidney medulla |
|
Definition
|
|
