Term
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Definition
Animals (like humans) that are active during the day and sleep at night.
*whether or not you are diurnal or nocturnal is evolutionary |
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Term
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Definition
Animals that are active at night and sleep during the day.
*Whether or not an animal is nocturnal is evolutionary |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the pattern of being asleep and awake for somebody. Activity is during the awake part |
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Term
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Definition
| When you have a circadian Rhythm that is driven internally (independent of external cues like the sun) |
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Term
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Definition
| When you adjust your circadian rhythm based on outside cues (like for humans it is the sunlight!) |
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Term
| Neural/ Hormonal Circadian System |
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Definition
First Specialize ganglion cells in the retina take in light information, and then send melanopsin down the retinohypothalamic tract, all the way to the Supra Chiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus. Then causes the pineal gland to secrete melatonin depending on the light response, and melatonin is what makes us sleepy! This is our "internal clock" or our circadian rhythm
GRSP
Girsp! |
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Term
| Specialized Ganglion Cells... |
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Definition
| These are what start the Circadian System! These special cells that are in the retina take light info and send it down the retinohypothalamic tract with melanopsin, which is sent to the SCN part of the hypothalamus, which causes the pineal gland to release melatonin into the blood and dictate our sleepiness! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the hormone that specialized retinal ganglion cells use! Melanopsin is used to send the light info down the retinohypothalamic tract to the to the SCN part of the hypothalamus, which causes the pineal gland to release melatonin into the blood and dictate our sleepiness! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is part of the Circadian Rhythm "internal Clock" system. This is the tract where light messages via melanopsin are sent to the SCN, which go to the pineal gland and release melatonin! |
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Term
| Supra Chiasmatic Nuleas (SCN) |
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Definition
| This is part of the circadian Rhythm Pathway, it is inside the hypothalamus. It is the part that receives info from the retinohypothalamic tract and sends it to the pineal gland |
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Term
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Definition
| This is part of the circadian Rhythm pathway. It sends melatonin to the bloodstream after receiving light information from the SCN in the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the hormone that is secreted into the bloodsteam by the pineal gland that makes us sleepy! It is usually secreted in humans when we get "nightime" light information and send it down the circadian pathway |
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Term
| Does severing the optic tract stop functionality of the circadian rhythm? |
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Definition
NO! or it doesnt have to. The optic tract, or the visual cranial nerve, does not eliminate input to the retinohypothalamic tract to the SCN! So if someone is blind by JUST damage to the optic nerve or higher, it won't effect the bodies internal clock!
*NOTE That half of these patients, even with functioning circadian rhythms, suffer from free-running disorder (most likely due to lack of entrainment from the sun) |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a disorder where someone "free runs" in their sleep pattern instead of being entrained by the sun. It is common in those who are blind! |
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Term
| Time Isolation Experiment |
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Definition
Someone named Michael Siffe spent 2 months in an underground glacier with no sunlight (thats awful). He would report when he slept, ate, etc, but got no information in return. This allowed his body to adjust to its own circadian rhythm. They found that our human body adjusts to a day period that is LONGER than 24 hours!
In the experiment, because of this lengthened cycle, he thought it was 28 days earlier than it actually was!
*NOTE the takeaway is that our natural body clock is slightly longer than 24 hrs |
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Term
| When do melatonin levels peak? |
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Definition
| From the pineal gland, they peak at 4 AM! |
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Term
| What time of day does Cortisol Peak? |
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Definition
| Cortisol, from the adrenal cortex, falls the most at 4AM (when melatonin is highest) and rises the most right before we wake up. |
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Term
| What time of day does testosterone peak in men? |
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Definition
| Testosterone surges between 1-2AM! |
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Term
| What time of day does growth hormone surge? |
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Definition
| Growth hormone surges at night, which reflects growth in children, and cellular restoration in adults when we sleep! |
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Term
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Definition
| The mothers melatonin levels will entrain the baby inside the mother to have the correct time of day in the womb! However, this when they are born, and it must create its own rhythm. This becomes difficult and the baby must mature for this to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| The electroencephaolograph, EEG, records from multiple skin electrodes. It is used in sleep labs to identify sleep states people are in, and can be used to diagnose sleep disorders |
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Term
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Definition
During stage 1 (1-4 actually) is slow wave sleep SWS. In addition to this, stage 1 has:
-very light sleep, easy to wake up
-the alpha rhythm, which is the process of calming our body down and slowing our movements! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a stage of sleep we achieve during stage 1 of sleep. Emitting alpha waves is the equivalent of "daydreaming" and as our body reaches this stage of sleep alpha rhythm signals the body is "calming down" |
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Term
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Definition
Stage 2 (stages 1-4 actually) is slow wave sleeping. In addition, stage 2 can be identified by:
-our eye movements stopping, and our electrical brain acticity becomes even slower
-we have BURSTS of radid fast waves, these are called "sleep Spindles" |
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Term
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Definition
During STAGE 2 of sleep, sleep spindles are rapid bursts of really fast moving waves, compared to the rest of stage 2 which is generally slow
They are considered "sparks" of deep sleep |
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Term
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Definition
Slow wave sleep. This is when our brain waves begin to very much slow down, at a speed known as Delta Waves. At stage 3, the delta waves are intersped with faster waves. At stage 4, it is exclusively delta waves!
*Stage 3+4 due to delta waves are considered "deep sleep." this is when it is hard to wake people up, and it is when bedwetting, nightmares, and sleepwalking can occur! |
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Term
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Definition
This is considered the slowest of the slow wave sleep. At this point, the brainwave activity is essentially almost all delta waves, or very slow moving waves. There is no eye movement nor body movement
*Stage 3+4 due to delta waves are considered "deep sleep." this is when it is hard to wake people up, and it is when bedwetting, nightmares, and sleepwalking can occur! |
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Term
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Definition
Stage 3+4 due to delta waves are considered "deep sleep." this is when it is hard to wake people up, and it is when bedwetting, nightmares, and sleepwalking can occur!
Waking up from deep sleep results in tiredness and groginess
*it is also when declarative memory consolidation occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Very slow sleep pattern waves that start in stage 3 and are the exclusive wave in stage 4. They represent "deep sleep" |
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Term
| When does Declarative Memory Consolidation Occur? |
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Definition
| During Stages 3+4 of sleep! "Deep Sleep" |
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Term
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Definition
Rapid eye movement sleep. This is the final stage of sleep, and occurs after stage 1 (NOT stage 4). REM is characterized by
-fast paced waves
-rapid eye movement
-People becoming paralyzed (inability to move)
-Dreaming
*it is when Procedural Memory Consolidation occurs |
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Term
| When does Procedural Memory Consolidation Occur? |
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Definition
| This occurs during REM sleep! |
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Term
| Neural Mechanism that drive falling asleep |
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Definition
The GABA networks (inhibitory neurons!) triggered by the BASAL FOREBRAIN increase GABA. This calms the cortical network, and causes us to fall asleep.
-GABA pathway activated by Basal Forebrain
-GABAerigc "sleep on" neurons (GABA sleep Neurons) are most active during deep sleep, least active when awake and REM |
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Term
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Definition
| The basal Forebrain triggers the GABA pathway which causes us to fall asleep (reduce cortical activity) |
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Term
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Definition
Acetylcholine (ACh) networks are activated in the cortex, which is driving by the "reticular activating system"
This is made up of the pons, raphe nucleus, and locus coeruleus! |
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Term
| Reticular Activating System |
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Definition
These are the parts of the brain that work on waking someone up! This system drives the ACh network in the cortex, activates cortical networks of brain!
It is made up of:
-Pons
-Raphe Nucleus
-Locus Coeruleus
PRL
"pearl" |
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Term
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Definition
Rem sleep is driven by the Pons in the brain. The pons does both cortical excitement, as though you are awake, by sending messages to the thalamus, but also sends messages to the spinal cord to paralyze you. This is what causes the "like awake" sleep.
DRIVEN BY THE PONS |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the fancy term for sleep walking. It occurs during deep sleep (stages 3 + 4) |
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Term
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Definition
When someone is partially in REM sleep, and the dreams seem "real." It is like half waking up, and then beginning to dream about whats going on in your bedroom
*this is what drives things like "alien abduction" dreams. People will report them, but they are most likely hypnagogic halluncinations (REM Sleep hallucinations) |
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Term
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Definition
| When someone wakes up during REM sleep, but they are still paralyzed! It is brief and should end when the body awakes |
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Term
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Definition
| When someone randomly goes from being awake into REM sleep! (Think about the random a sleeping dogs in mr pesc's class) |
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Term
| Is Hypnagogic Hallucination the same as Lucid Dreaming? |
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Definition
| NO it is not. Hypnagogic Hallucinations are dreams that seem real, Lucid Dreams are like dreams that we can control. We know we are dreaming |
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Term
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Definition
This is the loss of ALOT of sleep. When people do not get enough sleep to a deprived extent, they experience things such as:
-impaired working memory (STM)
-Impaired Consolidation of Memory (cant consolidate without sleep)
-halluncinations
-IMMUNE SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION
-and if its really bad, death |
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Term
| Mild Alcohol effects on Sleep |
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Definition
| Initially it increases SWS (stages 1-4), but then it has a rebound effect and disrupts sleep, making it hard for people to fall into deep sleep. Without deep sleep, it reduces the brains ability to consolidate memories |
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Term
| Extreme Effects of Alcohol on Sleep |
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Definition
| Extreme effects take the mild effects 1 step further. Mild effects end with a trouble to consolidate memories due to an inability to fall into deep sleep. Extreme alcohol puts you in an unconscious state, making consolidation impossible! Without any consolidation power, we "black out" and lose all memory |
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Term
| Sleeping in Marine Mammals (Dolphins and Whales) |
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Definition
| Dolphins and whales brains actually sleep ONE HEMISPHERE AT A TIME! This allows for ongoing breathing by going up to the surface from one side, while the other side of the brain rests. DAMN |
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Term
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Definition
The AMOUNT of emotion that is felt by someone.
EX: Either being a little angry, or VERY angry at someone. That difference is a difference in intensity |
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Term
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Definition
This is the level of positive/ negative emotion someone is feeling! A negative valence includes emotions like angry or sad, where a positive or high valence includes emotions like happy and amazement
it is essentially your measure of positive emotion |
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Term
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Definition
This is the dimension of emotion that involves where the emotion is being felt. It ranges from being about yourself completely, to being about someone else / an external stimulus completely
EX: being mad at yourself has high self reference, being mad at someone else has low self reference |
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Term
| What brain structure ENCODED emotional information |
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Definition
| The limbic system takes in emotional messages and encoded them into brain signals |
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Term
| What part of the brain is associated with Fear? |
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Definition
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Term
| Brain Structures involved in Emotion |
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Definition
Anterior Cingulate (sad, anger, love, etc)
Posterior Cingulate (happy)
Amygdala (Fear, humor, sex)
Orbitofrontal (mystical)
APAO
A-POW! |
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Term
| 3 neural pathways of "good feelings" |
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Definition
The mesocorticolimbic DOPAMINE pathway (particularly in drug addiction, the SEROTONIN pathways, and the OPIATE (periaquaductal grey) pathways all have an influence on "good feeling" emotions
-Dopamine, Serotonin, Opiate
DOS
Doh-s! |
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Term
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Definition
This is a type of classical condition that is done in animal studied (and little Albert). What happened was a rat was exposed to a loud noise, then an electrical shock! This shock caused the rat to experience fear, and their amygdala activation increased!
After a few trials of noise then shock, the rat was conditioned to think the noise caused the shock! So when the noise was played without the shock, the rat was still scared and the amygdala activation still rose! The rat was "conditioned" to fear and an increased amygdala activation by the sound |
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Term
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Definition
Mirror Neurons that activate the brain as though we are experiencing an event but only from watching the EVENT! It causes us to feel "empathy" for others, but allowing us to feel whatever they might be feeling just by watching them. Mirror Neurons are subsets of neurons, and are placed on the emotional relevant brain structures! EX We have regular and mirror neurons for fear on the amygdala
This is how you get intense when watching kingdom hearts scenes/ the cowboys etc. Feeling the emotions as though they are your own |
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Term
| Autism and Mirror Neurons |
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Definition
There was a study done that showed that autistic children were unable to have mirror neuron empathetic emotions when viewing other peoples faces.
This results means the MAY lack or have a deficiency in mirror neurons |
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Term
| Sexual Differences in Neural Activation of Emotion |
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Definition
| There are sex differences in how men and women feel and remember certain emotional events. An example of this is the amygdala brain study, where men and women were shown a picture of a scary decaying animal. Their amygdala activation was then recorded, and it showed that Men had stronger responses in their RIGHT amygdala, where are women had greater responses in their LEFT. This shows that gender does play a role on neural activation, and may explain why women are more likely to remember emotional memories more than men |
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Term
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Definition
| This is known as the "bonding" hormone. It is secreted during events like nursing a baby or sex. During those events there are rises in affection in trust, and when that occurs oxytocin is released. The released oxytocin inhibits negative emotions like fear and anger! Oxytocin when bonding makes it harder to be upset! |
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Term
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Definition
| Testosterone is highly correlated with aggression! It is proven through modulation of testosterone rat studies, where removing/ adding testosterone directly decreases/ increases aggressive behavior! |
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Term
| Excitement Neural Pathway |
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Definition
| The excitement neural pathway is dictated by an initial spike in cortisol (stress), followed by a rush of Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine SPIKE, which causes the good feelings of being excited. This can lead to these good feelings being addictive however, if you can overcome the initial stress response from cortisol |
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Term
| How do people become addicted to jumping out of a plane? |
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Definition
| People become addicted because they are able to overcome the initial cortisol stress level of jumping and capitalize on the E/NE spike that gives them elation. Over time and experience, the cortisol hurdle becomes less and less (people get less stressed), but the E/NE spike remains. This causes people to do it more and more, and even become addicted to the E/NE spike |
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Term
| The fine line of epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
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Definition
| The fine line is considered to be how close positive and negative the excitement feeling they produce can be in humans. Something can be "fun exciting" for someone, while be "terrifying" for someone else (think of a roller coaster) |
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Term
| Why are some memories harder to forget than others? |
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Definition
Fear memories are harder to forget because fear is tied with the amygdala. It is the same concept with smell memories (where that stimulus goes right to the olfactory bulb and amygdala), fearful memories have the emotional tie to the amygdala which is directly influenced to the hippocampus. Stress hormones also effect the amygdala this way.
**Fear, Stress, and Smell memories are more powerful! |
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Term
| Evidence for Emotions being Biological Based |
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Definition
| Many aspects of emotions are biological, such as our facial response to what emotion we are feeling. They are cross cultural and shown by babies! |
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Term
| Evidence for Emotions being Environmental Based |
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Definition
| While many believe emotions are biologically based, factors of these emotions, such as intensity and response, can be environmentally based. This can be seen with abused children, and how they have a greater fear response to angry faces, based on what they have learned |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of acquisition, or the processes of attaining skills and knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| The Processes of Storage and Retrieval, or the processes of taking new information and inputting it into our brains, and then having the ability to retrieve that new information from our LTM |
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Term
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Definition
The Process of NORMALLY losing your memories, occurs from interference, failure to store, or unable to retrieve (decay)
** It is considered the process of sorting through relevant and irrelevant info |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the process of PATHOLOGICALLY losing your memories, either caused by physical damage or an accident. NOT naturally occuring |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the loss of your older memories (before an accident) but you are able to form new ones! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the inability to form new memories (after an accident), but retaining your older ones |
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Term
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Definition
| When info is in short term memory (working Memory), It has been in memory for minutes up to a couple hours. It can hold up to 10 things. Through the process of consolidation, it becomes long term memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| When something has been in our memories for Days, Months, Years, etc. they have been consolidated and maintained in our long term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information that we hold onto to use for a current task. It can come from short term memory or long term memory to help us "work" |
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Term
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Definition
It is the transer of short term memories into long term memories! It occurs during sleep.
*Declarative during SWS (1-4), and Procedural During REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
This is a type of LTM, it is literally material that we can store and retrieve with a conscious mind. It is coded by symbols and language.
For a better definition, it is broken up into episodic (memory of events) and semantic (facts) memory to make up all of our declarative memory
*Declarative = being able to explain it |
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Term
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Definition
This is a type of LTM, and it is skills and associations that are unavailable to the conscious mind. EX knowing how to walk, ride a bike, write, are all things that we unconsciously know, we don't think declaratively about how to do them.
*Think procedural as being able to show you can do something |
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Term
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Definition
This is a type of declarative memory. It is memories of specific events, being able to recall something.
EX: our first day of school |
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Term
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Definition
This is a type of declarative Memory, it is memories of FACTS.
EX knowing that tony romo wears number 9 is semantic memory |
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Term
| Process of forming memories |
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Definition
1. Formation and Encoding
2. Short Term Retrieval
3. Consolidation into LTM |
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Term
| Where are Declarative Short Term memories Processed (ST held and Consolidated) in the brain? |
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Definition
They are Processed in the Medial temporal Lobe!
This structures are:
-MTL
-Hippocampus
-Entorhinal Cortex
-Perihinal Cortex
MEPH
Mef!
This process is everything from encoding, retrieval, and consolidation! |
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Term
| Consolidation of Declarative Memories |
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Definition
| Once D-memories are processed in the medial temporal lobe (MEPH: MTL, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, perihinal cortex), they are consolidated by being transferred from the to the hippocampus to CORTICAL NETWORKS. Once they are in our cortical networks, they are no longer hippocampus dependent, and thus are true long term memories |
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Term
| Hippocampus Dependent Memories |
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Definition
| These are declarative memories that have no been fully consolidated yet, but are in the process of being processed by the medial temporal lobe (MEPH). Once they are fully consolidated, they are sent to the cortical networks, and once there they can be retrieved directly from there, and are no longer hippocampus dependent |
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Term
| Where are Consolidated Declarative Memories? |
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Definition
| The Cortical Networks of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
This structure of the brain is the part that processes SHORT TERM declarative memories. Its structures are
-MTL
-Hippocampus
-Entorhinal Cortex
-Perirhinal Cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| HM was a dude that went through a Medial Temporal Lobe Lobotomy. This unfortunately gave him anterograde amnesia, BUT ONLY declaritive memories. His procedural memory structures, and thus his skill learning memory, was still in tact. This is shown by his ability to draw stars left handed. He doesn't remember practicing each day, but each day he gets better |
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Term
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Definition
| This is when people drink NOTHING but alcohol and it causes a vitamin deficiency. This can also cause declarative memory loss from the chronic alcoholism, due to the loss of vitamins being degenerative on the cortex (where LTM stores D-memories) |
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Term
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Definition
| When emotions are attached to encoded information, the info is "helped" coded by the Amygdala. This makes it harder to forget Emotional (fearful, stress, smell especially) memories! |
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Term
| Where are Procedural Memories Processed (ST held and consolidated) in the brain? |
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Definition
The Basal Ganglia, Motor Cortex, and the Cerebellum
BCM
Bikum! |
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Term
| Amygdala Damage on Memory |
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Definition
| Amygdala damage would cause an impairment on the formation and retrieval of emotional memories! |
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Term
| Delay to Match Sample Task |
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Definition
| This is a way to test someones Short term memory! First they are shown a stimulus (like a light or a pattern) and then they are asked to wait. After the waiting period, they are given choices of other stimulus, and must pick the best one that "matches." The ability to choose correctly reflects ability to hold things in STM for periods of time |
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Term
| Spatial Location Recognition Memory Task |
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Definition
| This is the memory task where a rat in put into a maze, and shown where a piece of food is hidden. Afterward, there is a delay, and it is tested to see if it can find the food again. This tests the rats "SPATIAL MEMORY," or its cognitive map, by its ability to remember conceptually where it has been |
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Term
| Response Recognition Memory Task |
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Definition
This task is seen to see whether or not people/ rats are able to recognize previously encountered events/ objects/ people.
In class, rats were shown a pattern, and a door opens to get food. Then there was a delay, a varying delay, and rats were then asked to repeat the pattern, getting food if they got it correct. The longer the delay, the less rats got it right |
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Term
| Object Recognition Memory |
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Definition
| It is the ability to discriminate an object/ stimulus you have seen and ones you have not. It tests humans/ rats EPISODIC memory! |
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Term
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Definition
This is the abilities of our "cognitive maps" or our ability to navigate and remember where we are. It, like the retrieval and consolidation of STM, is done by the hippocampus!
*Cabbies in London have LARGER hippocampuses, probably because of the larger spacial memories from driving around the city |
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Term
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Definition
This is the process of something becoming consolidated and stored in memory. Information is stored after a synapse changes its circuits based on the activation pattern of neurons.
*it is the LONG LASTING enhancement of a neural pathway resulting from neuron communication. Synapses changing to make the connection stronger, make Long term memory last |
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Term
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Definition
Hypnotism is a way of causing retrograde memory disruption, or forced "forgetting" as long as a subject is receptive to the hypnotism. However, it shows that these people still have these memories subconsciously, but they can be hypnotized away from retrieving them
*blocking of memories can also occur with emotional memories (repression) |
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Term
| 5 Postnatal Behavior Development Domains |
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Definition
-Gross Motor
-Fine Motor
-Language
-Cognitive
-Social |
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Term
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Definition
| This is one of the 5 domains of developmental behavior. It is the ability to use your large muscle groups to sit, stand, walk, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| This is one of the 5 domains of developmental behavior. It is the ability to do things like eat, draw, dress, play, essentially use your hands |
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Term
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Definition
| This is one of the 5 domains of developmental behavior. It is the ability of speaking, using body language, and understanding what other people are saying |
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Term
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Definition
| This is one of the 5 domains of developmental behavior. It is the ability of thinking skills, like learning, understanding, remembering, and problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| This is one of the 5 domains of developmental behavior. It is the ability to interact with others, have relationships with family, friends, teachers, etc |
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Term
| Brain Development Timeframe |
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Definition
Goes from:
Neurogenesis
Neuromigration
Dendritic Growth
Apoptosis
Synaptogenesis
Mylination
Pruning |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which neurons are born from progenitor cells. It occurs from Prenatal 0-38 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the process of neurons migrating to their locations along the "scaffolding" and becoming neurons. It occurs between prenatal 4 weeks and postnatal month |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the process of neurons growing in the neurons of the fetus. It occurs from prenatal 12 weeks, to postnatal 2 years! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the process of purposely deleting cells in the body we dont need (like webbed feet!). It occurs from prenatal week 24, to postnatal 2 years! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the process of glial cells covering neurons to induce higher efficiency and firing speed. It occurs from birth to 20 years |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the process of the brain getting rid of unnecessary neural connects. It is the idea of "use it or lose it." it occurs between after birth 6 months to 20 years! |
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Term
| 1 Month Developmental Milestones |
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Definition
-You have poor motor development
-You have hearing in tact, but vision is not fully developed
-Rudimentary recognition of sounds, and lesser extent faces |
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Term
| 3 Month Developmental Milestones |
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Definition
-Motor Skills improved (grasping)
-Social awareness of familiar figures (voices and appearance) increases |
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Term
| 6 Month Developmental Milestones |
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Definition
-Improved Motor Skills (sitting, holding things, rolling)
-Improved social Communication (babbling, laugh, scream) |
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Term
| 1 Year Developmental Milestones |
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Definition
-First steps and First words are BIG ones
-increased cognitive awareness (looking for missing things)
-increase social awareness (recognize names, imitate emotions!) |
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Term
| By ___ age, the failure to make key milestones usually signals developmental disability |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Apoptosis/ Synaptogenesis (forming neural circuits) starts at 24-26 weeks prenatally!
-Infants can also show recognition of sounds they hear (voices/ stories) from in the womb!
EVIDENCE FOR FETAL LEARNING |
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Term
| Methods for testing babies |
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Definition
-Emotional Responses to stimuli
-Recognition-Memory Task
-Operant head turn tasks/ sucking tasks
-Bayley Scales
-EEG |
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Term
| Emotional Response to Stimuli Test |
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Definition
One way we can test babies is just seeing their response to different stimuli.
EX: playing songs and seeing their reactions |
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Term
| Recognition Memory Task on Babies |
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Definition
| This is a way of testing babies that is essentially testing habituation. When a baby stares at something longer, it means they see it as new! By looking at something only for a little bit, they see it as familiar. |
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Term
| Operant Conditioning Head Task |
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Definition
| This is a way of testing babies. Infants had to turn their head for specific stimuli. However, they would only turn their heads for the toy condition, not the "Not toy" condition. This shows they can discriminate the stimulus! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a way of testing babies. It is testing babies on tasks that are considered "norms" for their age |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a way to test babies! It is showing them a stimuli and testing their brain wave patterns to see if they are learning |
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Term
| When does babbling/ mimicking in babies start to occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does the first word in babies occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the major explosion of vocabulary in children? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do kids start to use adult like grammar and full sentences? |
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Definition
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Term
| Left Hemisphere Plasticity Epilepsy Study |
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Definition
| Children with Epilepsy experience seizures in the brain. When that part of the brain that causes the seizures is removed, the seizures stop. BUT in addition to that, if the brain part is removed before a critical period, that part of the brain can be replaced by the other parts via plasticity. In the one case in class, the kid has his left side completely removed, and because he was young enough (7 years old), the right side was able to take over, and his language and development were almost normal! |
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