Term
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Definition
| Releases Product (hormones) directly into the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Releases product (hormones or other) into other parts of body (sweat, tears, milk) |
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Term
| Protein and Amine Hormones |
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Definition
1. Amino Acid Based
2. lipophobic
3. Bind to membrane receptors, Use second messenger system to alter proteins
4. Act very quickly! |
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Term
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Definition
1. Cholesterol/ Fat Based
2. Lipophillic
3. Passes through the cell membrane, binds directly to receptors in nucleus to alter protein transcription
4. Acts very slow! |
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Term
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Definition
| Non lipid solubable, or cannot pass through a cells fatty membrane! |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipid Soluable! Something that can easily pass through the fatty membrane of a cell |
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Term
| Amine/ Protein vs. Steroid Hormones |
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Definition
1. Protein are amino acid based, steroids are cholestero/ fat based
2. Protein is lipophobic, Steroid is lipophillic
3. Protein binds to recpetor on membrane and sends 2nd messenger, Steroid binds to nuclei inside of cell itself
4. Protein is fast, steroid is slow! |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces Melatonin, a Protein Based Hormone. This causes Effects on peoples Circadian Rhythms, causes people to sleep! |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a Protein Based Hormone! It is created by the Pineal Gland, and it stimulates sleep by effecting peoples circadian rhythms |
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Term
| Hypothalamus (Hormone Producing Structure) |
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Definition
The Hypothalamus produces "releasing Hormones" Such as CRH, GnRH, etc. AND Oxytocin and Vasopressin.
Release hormones are protein based hormones, that stimulate release of hormones of the anterior pituitary gland!
Oxytocin is a protein based hormone that stimulates Childbirth by making the uterine muscles contract and release of milk by mammary glands in mothers
Vassopressin is a protein based hormone that acts as an anti diuretic by stimulating increased water absorbtion in kidneys. It makes you pee less! |
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Term
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Definition
| Examples are CRH or GnRH. They are produced by the hypothalamus. They stimulate the release of hormones in the anterior (front) pituitary gland! |
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Term
| Posterior Pituitary Gland |
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Definition
| It produces Oxytocin and Vassopressin. Oxytocin is a protein based hormone that causes the release of milk in mothers. Vassopressin in a hormone that acts as an anti diuretic by promoting increased water absorption in kidneys and constriction of blood vessels. It causes people to pee less often |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a hormone released by both the Hypothalamus and the Posterior Pituitary Gland. It is a protein based hormone. It stimulates the contractions in the uterine mussels and helps with child birth, as well as stimulating the release of milk by the mothers! |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a hormone produced by both the Hypothalmus and the Posterior Pituitary Gland. It Stimulates water being reabsorbed in kidneys and constricts blood, which causes people to pee less! |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that makes you pee less often |
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Term
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Definition
| It's released is caused when the Hypothalamus releases "releasing Hormones," Like CRH and GnRH. Once that occurs, the anterior pituitary gland releases GH, TSH, ACTH, and FSH. They all have different effects throughout the body, all initially stimulated through the hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A PROTEIN hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland and is released when the anterior pituitary is exposed to Hypothalamus "releasing hormones." GH stimulates growth in the body! |
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Term
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| It is a PROTEIN hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It is released when the anterior is exposed to the releasing hormones of the Hypothalmus. TSH stimulates the thyroid |
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Term
| Andrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| It is a PROTEIN hormone produced by the anterior Pituitary gland. It is released when the anterior pituitary is exposed to the hypothalamus's releasing hormones such as CRH and GnRH. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex! |
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Term
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| It is a PROTEIN hormone that is produced in the anterior pituiary gland and released when the anterior pituitary is exposed to hypothalamus releasing hormines. FSH Stimulates growth in the ovarian follicles and seminferous tubucles of the testes |
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Term
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Definition
This produces Glucocorticoids and Androstendiones!
Glucococorticoids are steroid hormones that modulate the bodies' sugar storage and protein conservation, by inhibiting the incorpoation of amino acids into protein in muscles and stimulating storage of glycogen.
Androstendiones are steroid hormones that have secondary sexual effects on the body such intermediate step towards producing testosterone or estradiol! |
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Term
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Definition
| They are produced by the Adrenal Gland in the Cortex region. Glucococorticoids are steroid hormones that modulate the bodies' sugar storage and protein conservation, by inhibiting the incorporation of amino acids into protein in muscles and stimulating storage of glycogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a steroid hormone produced in the Cortex region of the adrenal gland. Androstendiones are steroid hormones that have secondary sexual effects on the body such intermediate step towards producing testosterone or estradiol! |
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Term
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Definition
| This produces Epinephrine and Norepinephrine! Epinephrine is an amine (protein) hormone that causes arousal by activating the sympathetic nervous system! Norepinephrine is a hormone that activates the parasympathetic nervous system and calms you down! |
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Term
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Definition
| It is produced by the medulla section of the adrenal gland. It is an amine (protein) hormone that causes activation of your sympathetic nervous system, which "pumps you up" or arouses you |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce Androgens (Which are testosterone, hihydrotestosterone, etc.). These stimulate development of male primary and secondary characteristics and behavior. Occur during puberty! |
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Term
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Definition
Produced by the testes in males, it is a steroid hormone that stimulates the development of the adult male
characteristics and behavior.
ANDROGENS ALSO LEAD TO HIGHER AGGRESSION! (higher levels of testosterone = roid rage) |
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Term
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Definition
Produces estrogen and progestins in women!
Estrogen is a steroid hormone that stimulates development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics and behavior. Causes females to have puberty
Progestins are hormones that stimulate sexual characteristics and behavior as well as maintain pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a steroid hormone produced by the ovaries in women. It stimulates development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Steroid hormones that are produced by the ovaries. They stimulate female sexual characteristics and behavior, as well as maintain pregnancy in females! |
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Term
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Definition
Impacts the Body in 3 ways:
1. Stress activates the sympathetic nervous system, which releases Norepinephrine!
2. It makes the hypothalamus release CRH, which activates the anterior pituitary gland and releases ACTH, which activates adrenal cortex and releases cortisol into the body.
3. It activates the adrenal medulla and releases epinephrine! |
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Term
| Corticotropin Releasing Hormone CRH |
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Definition
| CRH is one of the "releasing hormones" done by the hypothalamus. When stress enters the body, the hypothalmus then sends CRH to the anterior pituitary, which sends ACTH to the adrenal Cortex and that increases cortisol levels! |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropin Releasing Hormone ACTH |
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Definition
| It is a hormone released by the Anterior Pituitary Gland. It is released when stress reaches the hypothalamus, which releases CRH, which makes the anterior pituitary release ACTH. This then makes the adrenal cortex release cortisol! High cortisol levels means high stress |
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Term
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Definition
| It increases blood sugar throughout the immune system, by telling the body to use more of its energy stores. It is released by stress, for when stress reaches the hypothalamus, which releases CRH that reaches the anterior pituitary, which releases ACTH and reaches the adrenal cortex, which releases cortisol! |
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Term
| Male Sexual Differentiation |
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Definition
| When the body has XY chromosome, the SRY gene is expressed. This causes Anti-mullerian hormone AMH and Testosterone to be expressed! The AMH causes the mullerian ducts to regress, and testosterone causes the wolffian ducts to to form epidiymus, vas deferens, sand seminal vesicles! Externally, the testosterone causes the penis to form! (Note, without the SRY gene expressed, the Anti-mullerian hormone isnt present, and the female gene expression occurs!) |
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Term
| Female Sexual Differentiation |
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Definition
| Female's have XX chromosomes, and they therefore don't have an SRY gene to be expressed. This causes an absence of the AMH hormone, and the mullerian ducts develop. The mullerian ducts form fallipian tubes, uterus and inner vagina! Without testosterone, no wolferrian ducts develop, so no prostate or male anatomy develop. Externally Without Testosterone and DHT, the outer vagina develops!! |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA The "Y" chromosome, it is the gene expressed by males that causes the development of the male anatomy. The SRY gene causes the secretion of AMH and Testosterone, one which causes the mullerian tubes not to develop, and testosterone causes the wolfferian anatomy to develop, which causes vas deferens, seminal vesicles to form. DHT then causes the external penis to form! |
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Term
| Anti-mullerian Hormone (AMH) |
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Definition
| This is expressed by the SRY (Y) gene in males, that causes the mullerian ducts to regress. This allows males not to develop internal female organs like fallopian tubes, uterus, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of androgen (sex hormone), that in excess causes aggression. In addition, it is expressed via the SRY gene (Y) and causes the body to develop wolferian ducts. These wolferian ducts develop into the internal male organs such as vas deferens, seminal vesicles, etc. Testosterone also causes DHT to be expressed, and that makes the male penis externally form! |
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Term
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Definition
| DHT, or alpha redcutase, is brought out via the SRY gene exposing the body to testosterone. Once T is exposed, DHT is released, which causes the body to develop the external penis. In the absence of DHT, females develop the outer vagina. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mullerian Ducts are the "pre cursor" for the female anatomy developing. When the SRY gene expresses AMH, the AMH causes the mullerian ducts to regress. But, if there is no SRY gene present, and no AMH present, Mullerian tubes develop into the internal organs of females, such as inner vagina and uterus. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are the "pre-cursor" for the internal males organs. When Testosterone is expressed from the SRY gene, it causes the wolfferian ducts to develop, which causes the creation of the internal male organs to occur! |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that the mullerian and Wolfian ducts are the pre cursors to what sex will develop! In males, the AMH causes mullerian ducts to regress and female internal organs arent created. Testosterone causes the development of the Wolfian male system. In females, without any AMH or T, mullerian ducts develop into the female internal anatomy. Which ducts are developed determines the sex! |
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Term
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Definition
| When a XX female has an over-active adrenal gland. She has enlarged genitals and acts like a boy. May have fertility problems |
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Term
| Testosterone insensitivity |
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Definition
| XY male but no A receptors. Appears as female externally, but does not menstruate or get pregnant |
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Term
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Definition
XXY, male but extra X. Some cognitive problems, appears male but some excess
breast tissue, infertile |
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Term
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Definition
| (X-), or only 1 X. Appears female, but has severe spatial disorders and health problems, infertile |
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Term
| Organizational Hormone Effects |
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Definition
| Permanent hormonal effects, they influence brain and sex organ development |
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Term
| Activational Hormone Effects |
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Definition
| These are effects that occur later in life, after the development of the sex organs. EX Mood aggression, anxiety, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The phase of the menstrual cycle during menstrual bleeding leading all the way up to pre ovulation. During this phase, Estrogen and Progesterone are low. At the end of the phase, Estrogen levels rise (pre ovulation), and promote the LH and FSH spike, which causes the egg to be released and ovulation to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| The 2nd half of the menstural cycle, leading from the release of the egg to the menstrual bleeding. During this phase, Estogen and Progesteone rise and then fall, if the girl is not pregnant. |
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Term
| Females show a slight advantage at.... |
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Definition
| Word fluency, object recall, and computation (repaid retrieval from memory) |
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Term
| Males show a slight advantage at... |
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Definition
| Analogies, visuo-spatial pocessing (manipulating mental representation) |
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Term
| Sex Difference Functional Laterality |
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Definition
| Men suffer from left brain lateralization, meaning that they rely much more on their left side of their brain for IQ based functioning, where as Women dont! |
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Term
| Higher Within Subject Variability |
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Definition
| Females have higher within subject variability because how they perform depends more so on their own hormones and estrogens levels. |
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Term
| Higher Between Subject Variability |
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Definition
| Men have higher between subject variance for tasks, because a higher rate of men are geniuses and mentally disabled people. |
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Term
| Intrinsic Developmental Influences |
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Definition
| This refers to Genetic influences, or "Nature" It is the direct effect of genetics! |
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Term
| Extrinsic Developmental Influences |
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Definition
| This refers to all the external influences on the body! AKA "Nuture" |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that biological factors COMPLETELY determine how a system behaves and changes over time. Very pro NATURE |
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Term
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Definition
| The hypothesis that social interactions and constructs alone determine individual behavior. VERY PRO NUTURE |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that impairs fetal development! EX: alcohol, nicotine, crack, etc. They can cause brain damage and has serious behavioral consequences to the child |
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Term
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Definition
| When babies are exposed to alcohol in the womb from the mother. It leads to an average of 10 IQ points lower than normal! |
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Term
| Complex Behavioral Feature |
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Definition
| This is a behavioral feature that instills that both nature and nurture play a critical role development. EX: IQ, children with gene anomalies have lower IQs typically, but are affected by their parents IQ. In addition, kids who are raised in enriched households typically have higher IQs. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the proportion of phenotypic variate in population that is attributable to genetic differences between individuals. It can be used to compare the genetic and environmental factors on a phenotype in a given population |
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Term
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Definition
| Twins who have 100% of their genetics shared, and typically 100% of their environment shared. |
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Term
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Definition
| Twins who have only 50% of their environment shared, but typically have 100% of their environment shared |
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Term
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Definition
| Siblings who share 100% of their environmental factors, but have no genes in common! |
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Term
| Reading Correlation of Sibling Traits |
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Definition
| The greater adoptive siblings, or siblings with no genetic similarities, are at a task, the more important ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE. The greater DIFFERENCE between Monozygotic twins and adoptive twins, the more important GENETIC FACTORS, or heritability is! |
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Term
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Definition
Extreme negative environmental influence during development, which effects complex behaviors negatively!
EX: not reading to children has deprivation effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Environmental Factors that have very high positive effects on development. EX: second language, music training, dancing and sports, are all ways of enriching a child's development |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that synaptic connections among neurons are strengthened each time they are used, and ones that are not activated eventually become pruned via withdrawal and apoptosis. The idea of USE IT OR LOSE IT! |
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Term
| Why is grey matter reduced in chronic alcoholics? |
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Definition
| People who chronically drink alcohol, rarely use their cortical regions as much as those who don't. When you drink alcohol so much over time, it leads to the body pruning these neurons, as they see it as you "not using" them, lose grey matter! |
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Term
| Strengthening a Connection |
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Definition
| As a neuron is activated, its connections between its neurons becomes stronger and stronger. The more you use a neural pathway, the stronger it gets! |
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Term
| Why is early postnatal development (0-2 yrs), so highly influenced by extrinsic influence? |
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Definition
| Extrinsic = external influences! This is such a highly sensitive time in a childs development because pruning occurs at such a high rate! Children pick up, and have the tendency to not pick up, things at very high rates! |
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Term
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Definition
A limited time in which a developmental event can occur, aka a "transformation" type change in children. This is the idea that if the child doesnt receive the appropriate stimulus during the critical period, it is impossible to learn how to do it!
EX: birdsong learning, visual stimulation (cat), etc. |
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Term
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Definition
This is less black and white than critical period, but the idea that certain experiences may have greater effects during developmental periods, but it is not possible to acquire later in life. (where as critical periods it is impossible)
EX: Learning a 2nd language much easier before puberty, msucial instrument as a child as well! |
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Term
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Definition
| An example that supports the critical period hypothesis! Some birds were isolated, while some were in normal environments, and both exposed to a song. Those who were able to interact with others during this period were able to sing the song correctly, while others couldnt! |
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Term
| Cat visual stimulation experiment |
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Definition
| Cats had one eye shut for one year. Cats who were already mature saw no effect in their vision after this happening, while kittens whose eye was shut had permanent vision impairment to their eyes. This is because the synaptic connections became pruned while the cat was developing! This is support for the critical period hypothesis |
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Term
| Can neural changes occur as a result of early music, sports, dance, or second language training? |
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Definition
| YES! If you learn a second language during the "critical period," it is said that you will be much more fluent in the language. This is because the neural activity in the brain overlaps when done early! It puts them both into the "language" section of the brain. Where as if you learn the language too late in life, the neural activity are in two seperate areas of the brain, and there is no overlap. This could be why those who learn at an early age are more fluent |
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Term
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Definition
Disorders that occur from birth on throughout life.
EX: Downs syndrome, williams syndrome, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, etc |
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Term
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Definition
Disorders that are genetic in origin, but are expressed later in life
EX: Huntingtons, Multiple sclerosis, parkinsons, etc |
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Term
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Definition
Disorders that occur with old age
EX: dementia, alzheimers sub type of dementia. (may have genetic components but are a result of getting old) |
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Term
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Definition
Disorders that occur from injuries to the body, most commonly the brain.
EX: aphasia, ataxia, agnosia, prosopagnosia, caprgas syndrome, hemi-spatial neglect, dementia pugilistica, paralysis (spine) |
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Term
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Definition
| Overactive neural activity! It is when our brains over activate inhibitory neurons in the body and send a "wave" of neural activity throughout the brain! During this wave cognitive function does not occur |
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Term
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Definition
| A rare progressive disorder that is caused by a mutation in a HTT gene. This leads to an abnormal form of the Htt protein and it causes neuronal death!! Particularly in the striatum! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a progressive disease where people over time have their myelin sheaths deteriorate! This leads to damaged nerves and leads to damaged motor control or brain activity |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a progressive disorder When the basal ganglia in the brain fails to produce dopamine, it leads to degenerative disorder in the central nervous system. The lack of dopamine production leads to movement disorders and tremors! |
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Term
| _______ pathways are involved in movement disorders |
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Definition
| Meostriatal dopamine pathways! AKA the Basal Ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| As we get older, we lose cognitive functioning in our brains. This is connected with the fact that our brains get smaller as we age as well. For example, memory loss accompanies the shrinkage of the hippocampus! |
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Term
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Definition
Dementia is a BROAD category degenerative disorder that refers to loss of memory and cognitive skill! (Can be caused by age, disease or trauma). Memory loss WITH other cognitive impairment is a dementia indicator.
NOTE: Alzheimers is a type of dementia |
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Term
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Definition
| A sub type of dementia, it is a brain disease characterized by lesions that destroy cells in the brain starting with the hippocampus. Alzheimers is considered a "way" people lose cognitive functioning. This damage to brain in Alzheimers typically includes plagues and tangles! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the 2nd most common type of Dementia to Alzheimers! It is when the body suffers from too many transient ischemic attacks or strokes. As opposed to Alzheimers, which is damage from lesions in the brain that cause neurons to die! |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of Language! Either production (Brocas area) or Comprehension/ Understaning (Wernickes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to carry out learned/ skilled movements (like movements in fingers) |
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Term
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Definition
| Uncoordinated Movement as a whole. Difficulty with whole body movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of visual Recognition as a whole. Can't recognize things with visual stimulation need other senses cues. Think friends/ family are imposters |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a type of agnosia where people only have an inability to recognize peoples faces! Everything else is clear excelpt ability to determine face |
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Term
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Definition
| A syndrome specific to where people believe that a close friend or family member has been replaced by an imposter! Thinks people are robots or aliens or something, not real people! |
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Term
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Definition
| A brain injury disorder where people neglect one half of their own body! It is defined as the inability of a person to process stimuli on the injured half of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Dementia that is caused by multiple concussions! |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA NON FLUENT APHASIA. This is when you have damage to Brocas area and have trouble PRODUCING language. You understand it, but you cant put what you want to say into real words. WERNICKES APHASIA IS CONSIDERED WORSE |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA NON FLUENT APHASIA. This is when you have no problem fluently producing words, but you cant understand language!! just say random words fluently that dont make sense. WERNICKES IS CONSIDERED WORSE |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a NONFLUENT aphasia where multiple areas of the brain are effected! You cannot understand NOR produce language fluently, language is nearly lost |
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Term
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Definition
| An ice pick is put through the eye socket and into the brain to cut frontal lobe fibers of the brain. At the time people did it to dictate peoples behavior knowing the frontal lobe played a role in behavior |
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Term
| Why do children recover so much better from brain injuries compared to adults? |
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Definition
| Children have greater plasticity in the developing brain, so their brains can adjust better if they are injured! |
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Term
| Cervical Nerve Region Damage |
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Definition
| Issues with the head and neck, diaphram, and arms and hands |
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Term
| Thoracic Nerve Region Damage |
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Definition
| Issues with chest muscles, breathing, abdominal muscles |
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Term
| Lumbar Nerve Region Damage |
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Definition
| Issues with the legs and feet |
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Term
| Sacral Nerve Region Damage |
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Definition
| Issues with bowles and bladder control, and sexual function |
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Term
| What causes vessicles to open and release neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| When an action potential reaches the end of a cell, its activation and depolarization opens Ca2+ channels! The influx of Ca2+ causes teh vessicles to merge with the pre synaptic membrane and dumping the transmitters into the cleft for the post synaptic one. |
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Term
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Definition
| A transmitter-receptor-ion-channel that opens directly when a transmitter binds to it. (Gate opens when transmitter binds) |
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Term
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Definition
| A transmitter binds to a receptor, which sends a G-protien message to the ion channel and opens the gate! Indirectly opens the ion channel (more like protein hormones) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ligand is the substance that binds, the receptor is the one who accepts the ligand. Think Lock and Key! |
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Term
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Definition
| How likely the ligand is to bind the the receptor, relative to other ligands! |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that promotes/ increases neural activyt, either by activating it itself or or increasing the binding affinity of the ligand |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptor Inhibitor! It either binds to where the ligand does and blocks it, or binds elsewhere and prevents activation |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitrs pre-synaptic reuptake of a ligand/ neurotransmitter, leaving the transmitter in the cleft for longer, which leads to more activation of the transmitter! It Promotes Affinity |
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Term
| Up Regulation/ Down Regulation |
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Definition
| Chonic use of drugs to block or stimulate receptors causes brain to "adjust" and make more or less of them! This is the result of "tolerance" because bodies brain has adjusted to how much it requires to get to same state, assuming it needs more/ less! |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that stimulates/ facilitates other transmitters (like caffeine!) |
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Term
| Competitive Agonist/ Antagonist |
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Definition
| A substance that binds WHERE THE TRANSMITTER GOES and competitively prevents the actual transmitter from binding. Agonists causes more activation, Antagonists cause less! |
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Term
| Non-Competitive Agonist/ Antagonist |
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Definition
| A subtance that binds to an ion channel, but NOT DIRECTLY WHERE THE Ligand goes! Instead it uses intrinsic activity to either promote/ prevent activation and opening |
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Term
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Definition
| Serotonin reuptake Inhibitors, they are used as anti depressants to get the body to use more of its own serotonin! |
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Term
| Acetylcholine Receptor Pathway in Brain |
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Definition
AKA CHOLINERGIC. Involved in sympathetic/ parasympathetic nervous system, motor system, and learning!
AFFECTED IN ALZHEIMER |
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Term
| Dopamine Receptor Pathway in Brain |
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Definition
AKA DOPAMINERGIC. Involved in motivation, effort, learning, fine movement, emotion, please (drug addiction).
AFFECTED IN HUNTINGTONS AND PARKINSONS |
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Term
| Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine Pathway in Brain |
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Definition
| AKA ADRENERGIC. Involved in parasympathetic/ sympathetic nervous systems, as well as risk taking and excitement! |
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Term
| Serotonin Pathway in Brain |
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Definition
| AKA SEROTONERGIC. Involved in emotion, temperature, sleep, sex, and appetite. |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA GABA-ERGIC. Involved in primary network of inhibition. Turning the brain down! |
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Term
| Glutamate Pathway in the Brain |
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Definition
| AKA GLUTAMATERGIC. This parthway goes across the brain and cortex as the primary excitatory transmitter. It gets the brain going! |
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Term
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Definition
DOUBLE SEDATIVE PUNCH!
Alcohol is a GABA agonist, so it enhances GABA activity and makes people more inhibitory. It ALSO is a Glutamate competitive antagonist, so it prevents Glutamate from exciting the body! This makes alcohol VERY inhibitive on the body.
Also inhibition in frontal Cortex (bad decisions) and memory |
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Term
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Definition
Heroin is a opiate agonist. This increases dopamine in the body and leads to immediate feelings of sedation and well being!
Can cause down regulation of opiate receptors thinking brain has enough dopamine! This particularly effects the limbic system, which can alter stress, sleep emotion, |
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Marijuanna is a cannabinoid agonist, which lafs to increases in dopamine. This leads to euphoria, slowed movement, and promotes amnesia!
It particularly effects the basal ganglia, hippocampus, and cerebellum |
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Definition
Ecstasy mimics serotonin and is a serotonin agonist! It has very increased emotional high, which can promote dopamine agonism. This is why it is so addictive!
From ecstasy, serotonin becomes trapped in the cleft and it acts as an SSRI as well! |
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| Cocaine is a dopamine re-uptake inhibitor. It increases dopamine, euphoria, and activation of motor systems, by keeping as much dopamine as possible in the synaptic cleft. It especially effects the basal ganglia! |
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Term
| Dopaminergic Pathway Role |
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Definition
The "Dopamine Pathway" is the pathway in the brain that leads to drugs being so addictive, because its pathway includes the rewards part of the brain! This pathway is activated by many drugs such as heroin, cocaine, marijuanna, and slightly ecstasy! all leading to their addictive qualities
Parts include:
-VTA
-Amgydala
-Hippocampus
-Nucleaus Accumbens
and some structures of limbic system! |
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| Parts of brain in Dopaminergic/ Dopamine pathway |
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Definition
| VTA, amygdala, hippocampus, nucleas acumbens, and structures in the limbic system and basal ganglia |
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| Why do drugs who do similar things have such different behavior effects? |
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Definition
EX: Marijuanna, herioin, and cocaine all increase dopamine?
Different drugs have a higher/ lower affinity for different receptor subtypes, which makes each drug effect different parts of the brain (even on the same neurotransmitter pathway) differently! |
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