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| Two types of nervous system cells |
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Cells that transmit information via action potential and neurochemical release
USE FOR TRANSMISSION OF NEURAL INFO |
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Cells that modulate, support, and insulate neurons with a myelin sheath around it
(astrocytes and oligodendrocytes for CNS/ Schwann Cells for PNS)
USED FOR SUPPORT |
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| unmyelinated neurons and parts of neurons. It looks grey because it doesnt include fatty myelin cells! |
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| Myelinated parts of neurons and Glia. It looks white because it includes the fatty myelin glial cells! |
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| Inter-neuronal connections, or spaces in between neurons where the communication occurs |
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| A neuron with one attachment to the cell body. Associated with Touch and Pain senses |
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| Neurons with two attachments to the cell body. Associated with vision, hearing, and motor senses. |
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| A neuron with multiple attachments to its cell body. Associated with most neurons in the brain! |
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Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells
*Also Microglia and Radial Glia |
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| Exists of the brain, spinal cord, and blood brain barrier |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
Exits and enters the central nervous system! Consists of Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system.
Consequently, that includes the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems as well |
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Definition
1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomator
4. Trochlear
5. Abducens
6. Trigeminal
7. Facial
8. Vestibulochlear
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Spinal Acessory
12. Hypoglossal |
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Definition
CRANIAL NERVE
Function: Smell
Type: Sensory |
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CRANIAL NERVE
Function: Vision
Type: Sensory |
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CRANIAL NERVE
Function: Muscles that move eyes
Type: Motor |
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CRANIAL NERVE
Function: Muscles that move eyes
Type: Motor |
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CRANIAL NERVE
Function: Muscles that move eyes
Type: Motor |
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Definition
CRANIAL NERVE
Function: Jaw Muscles
Type: BOTH Sensory and Motor |
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CRANIAL NERVE
Function: Facial Muscles, Salivary Glands, and Tear Glands
Type: BOTH Sensory and Motor |
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CRANIAL NERVE
Function: Balance, Hearing
Type: Sensory |
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CRANIAL NERVE
Function: Throat Muscles
Type: Both Sensory and Motor |
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CRANIAL NERVE
Function: Internal Organs
Type: BOTH Sensory and Motor |
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CRANIAL NERVE
Function: Neck/ Shoulder Muscles
Type: Motor |
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Definition
CRANIAL NERVE
Function: Tongue Muscles
Type: Motor |
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Definition
| Long body part of the neuron that sends action potential down it |
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| enlarged ends of the neurons axon that together with another neuron make up the synaptic cleft. It sends out the information to other cells |
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| Part of the axon that receives information from other cells and sends it along the neuron |
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| End of the neuron that receives information, it helps synaptic strength and transmit signals to cell body. |
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| The space in between the pre and post synaptic neurons. |
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| A type of glia used for structural and metabolic support of neurons. It brings energy and oxygen to support the neuron |
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| A type of Glia used for insulation of neurons. It produces myelin sheaths for CNS neurons! |
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Definition
| A type of Glia used for insulation. It produces myelin sheaths for PNS neurons! |
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| Produced by oligodendrocytes and schwann cells, it surrounds the axon and insulates it. This increases transmission speed of action potential. |
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| Openings in the myeline sheath that allow ions to flow in and out of the cell |
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| A transient type of glia that provides immune defense for CNS neurons. They help prevent disease to the central nervous system. |
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| The one who sends signal to the next neuron. |
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| The one who receives signal from the prior neuron |
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| Blood Vessels in the Central Nervous System that have tight walls, this keeps bacteria, terratogens, etc. out of CNS! |
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| 4 Classes of Spinal Nerves |
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Definition
TOP TO BOTTOM:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral |
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Definition
| The top section of the spinal cord |
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| The Top Middle (2nd) section of the spinal cord |
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| The Bottom Middle (3rd) section of the spinal cord |
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| The Bottom (4th) section of the spinal cord |
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Term
| Vertebral Cross-Section of the Spine |
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Definition
| The Neuronal signal goes into the dorsal roots, and then into the dorsal horn of the spine. This sends the message to the brain. The messages from the brain are sent down the spinal cord and out into the body via the ventral horn, and then transferred to the ventral roots and out to the body. |
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Definition
| Axon bundles that go into the vertebrae and send messages TO THE BRAIN. Dorsal is in the back, but sends messages TO THE BRAIN. It's neurons are sensory neurons! |
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Definition
| Receives messages from the dorsal roots, it sends the messages up the spine to the brain! The horns spinal nerves synapse inside the spinal cord and send the messages to the brain. |
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Definition
| Where the spinal nerves synapse in the spine, they recieve messages from the brain and the ventral horn sends it TO THE BODY via the ventral roots! |
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Definition
| Receives messages from the brain via the ventral horn and sends it to the body. VENTRAL MEANS FRONT, which sends messages to the body and are therefore motor neurons |
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| Neurons/ Messages that go TO the brain |
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| Neurons/ Messages that COME FROM the brain and GO TO the Body |
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| Epidurals go into the fat between the dura membrane and the vertebrae. Used to block pain reception in peoples backs, so people don't feel pain |
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| 3 Parts of Autonomic Nervous System |
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Definition
1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
3. Enteric |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
Part of the nervous system that stimulated by fear or stress (AKA Fight or Flight Response). It does so by putting homeostatic functions like digestion on hold, focuses body for "fight or Flight"
-Functions are triggers by the Thoracic and Lumbar sections of Spinal Cord
-FUNCTION EXAMPLES:
accelerated heart beat
inhibits salivation
inhibits digestion
stimulates secretion of sweat
etc. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
Part of the nervous system that reverses the Sympathetic Version, it "calms you down" and restores homeostatic function. Diverts Oxygen and energy to these parts of body, like digestion and reproductive organs.
-Functions from Parasympathetic Nervous System are found in the CRANIAL AND SACRAL Nerves (Top and Bottom Sections
-ANATOMICAL EXAMPLES
slows heartbeat
stimulates saliva
dilates blood vessels
stimulates digestion |
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Term
| 2 Anatomical Differences in Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
1. Sympathetic nerves are mainly from thoracic and Lumbar part of spine (Middle). Parasympathetic are from Cranial and Sacral (Top and Bottom)
2. In Sympathetic, Ganglia are INSIDE Spinal column. In Parasympathetic, the Ganglia are OUTSIDE Spinal Column |
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Definition
| All you need to know is that this part of the Autonomic Nervous System enervates the gut! |
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Term
| Developmental Subdivisions of Brain |
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Definition
| Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain! |
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Term
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Definition
Cortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Thalmus
Hypothalmus |
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Definition
Cerebellum
Pons
Spinal Cord |
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Definition
| Gives you a "TOP AND BOTTOM" section of brain |
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| Gives you a "LEFT AND RIGHT" section of brain |
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| Gives you a "FRONT AND BACK" Section of brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Auditory Cortex (W/ Wernickes Area) |
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Definition
| Somatosensory Cortex, or motor movement cortex |
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Definition
| Higher Executive Function Cortex Including decision making etc. |
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Definition
-Medulla
-Pons
-Cerebellum
-Thalmus
-Hypothalmus
-Corpus Callosum
-Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
Consists of the:
-Striatum (caudate Putamen)
-Globus Pallidus
-Substantia Nigra
-Nucleus Accumbens
*Plays a role in motivation/reward and movement |
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Definition
Consists of:
-Hippocampus
-Amygdala
-Fornix
-Mammillary Body
-Olfactory Bulb |
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Definition
| Bundle of Axons that are long and myelinated to carry messages across brain |
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Definition
| Core area of the brain that includes Cerebrospinal Fluid. This allows communication between the brain and spinal cord. |
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
| Fluid found in the ventricles of the brain that allow communication between the brain and spinal cord |
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| Sub-arachnoid space of the spinal column |
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Definition
| Where the ventricles are located and filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which allows communication between the brain and spinal cord (CNS) |
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Definition
| Specialization of one side of the brain over another. Example, our left side is used for language, and men have no language capacity on the right side of their brains. (Brain side specialization) |
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Definition
| Area in the brain associated with Producing speech! |
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Definition
| Area in the brain associated with Language Comprehension (understanding) |
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Term
| Contralateral Sensory Pathways |
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Definition
| AKA Crossed Pathways, We receive information from one side of our body and it is brought to the opposite side of our brain. Then, via the corpus callosum, the information is passed between sides of the brain! |
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Term
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Definition
This is when someone has a "Split" or brokeb corpus calloseum. As a result, their brain sides are unable to communicate, so they have to receive information on the opposite side of that brain area to achieve the info.
EX: someone with split brain covers right eye. Using only left eye, looking at the key on the left doesnt work, because the information goes to the right (opposite) side of the brain, and it cant pass to the left side. If it is see on the right side, it passes to left side (visual process side) correctly and information is collected |
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Definition
| A fancy term for evolution, it is the comparison of brain function across species. |
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| Releative Phylogenic Measures |
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Definition
There are different ways of comparing species brains, they are:
-total brain weight
-Brain/body ratio
-cortex/ hindbrain
-index of cerebral folding
etc. |
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Definition
| Not a good way of measuring brain activity, but the first way of doing so |
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Definition
| This is THE BEST way of phylogenic comparison, as it favors mammals and has humans on the top. Fish and humans have similar Hindbrain structures, but humans have MUCH larger forebrains. |
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| A way of measuring brain activity amongst species, it for the most part is accurate. However, it has become somewhat discredited, as dolphins have more folds than humans do |
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| The study of the development of an organism over the course of its lifetime. Looking at something embryo into its organism form |
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| "Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny" |
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Definition
| Development of the human brain in the embryo follows the development of what makes us human! the hindbrain, then mid, then forebrain develop in the embryo, and the enlarged forebrain is what develops humans as the dominant species! |
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Definition
| The process of neurons becoming neurons! It begins in the ventricular zone along the border of the cerebral cortex, and the cell migrates into the cortex and forms layers. This formation of neuronal layers forms the brain |
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Definition
| Where cell proliferation begins, as cells go along radial Glia and become whatever cells they are designated to become, neurons begin there and ride along the radial glia and form layers of neurons |
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Definition
| A form of cancer that develops most prominently in babies and children! Neurons proliferate prenatally (before birth), and as neurons divide and divide, if they over mitosis or over divide, it builds up into a cancerous tumor! Not prevalent in adults because adults stop building up neurons |
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Definition
| A cancer type typical for adults, it is when your glial cells continue to divide and causes a tumor |
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| A type of adult cancer where membranes of cells continue to proliferate |
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Definition
| A special kind of glia present during neurogenesis. It is the "scaffolding" that supports neurons and brings the neuron from the cerebral cortex to the cortex. |
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Definition
| Cells in the body that can form into any type of cell! |
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Definition
| "Stem like cells" that are predetermined to become neurons and glia! They ride along the radial glia during neurogenesis and become neuronal cells |
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| Fully Differentiated Neurons or Glia |
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Definition
| Progenitors that are toward the tail end of the process, and are distinguishable as to what type of cell (neuron or glia) they are going to become |
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Definition
| The process of a cell becoming what it is designed to become. Going from a "very plastic" almost stem progenitor, all the way to the different kind of neuron, like interneuron or projecting neuron or a type of glia like oligodendrocyte! |
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Definition
| Plasticity represents how developed a neuron is during the process of neurogenesis. A cell that is very plastic is like that of a stem cell, that can essential become anything. As it becomes mroe developed and specialized, it becomes "less plastic" as the range of things it can become decreases |
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Definition
The process of neurons layering in the cerebral cortex. Each layer on neurons has a different function associated with it!
EX: layers 5 and 6 project downward and are major motor neurons |
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Definition
| Protein signals that promote dendrite growth and synapses to form |
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Definition
| Programmed cell death! EX: wed all have webbed feet |
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Definition
| Cellular membrane injury that causes the cell to collapse on itself! This is cell death caused by inujury! |
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Definition
Steps:
1. Neurogenesis
2. Neuronal migration
3. Neuronal Differentiation
4. Synaptogenesis
5. Myelination
6. Pruning |
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Definition
| The formation of dendrites and synapses between neurons during development |
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Definition
| The process of myelin forming around the neuron |
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| The process of the brain eliminating neural pathways not being used for more important ones. Only pathways that arent used are eliminated. |
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| Frontal Cortex Importance |
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Definition
| The frontal cortex is the most recently evolved (part of brain from us and monkeys) and latest developing structure. Regulates decision making, understanding consequences, planning, and morality. Not fully developed in teens, finishes in early 20s for males |
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Definition
| Part of the Axon where Action Potential Starts |
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Definition
| They are Found in the axon terminals/ boutons, the are sacs of neurotransmitters that are released or "dumped" into the synaptic cleft. |
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Definition
| Dendrites located at the top |
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Definition
| Dendrites located at the bottom |
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| Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP) |
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Definition
| A message from the pre synaptic neuron that "excites" or tells the neuron to fire! Stemmed from Glutamate |
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| Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP) |
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Definition
| A message from the pre synaptic neuron that "inhibits" or tells the neuron NOT to fire! Stemmed from GABA |
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Definition
| The Excitatory Neurotransmitter |
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| The Inhibitory Neurotransmitter |
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Definition
Neurons that literally project messages from the brain to the body, they are motor neurons!
-they have long, myelinated axons, that connect across regions or structures |
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Definition
| Non Myelinated, Short range neurons that are used to regulate activity in a specific area. They are usually multipolar and have specific messages |
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Definition
| The process of ions flowing in an out of the cell. It is based on charge, and how the positive ions flow away from other positive charges, and high concentrations of ions flowing to low concentrations |
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Definition
| The level to which ions can get in and out of the cell membrane. |
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Definition
| Actively moving ions from one side of the membrane to another, using energy to do so (EX NA+/K+ pump) |
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Definition
| A pump or pathway that opens and allows cells to pass "as they please" or as nature dictates. The K+ channels in the cell are usually passive, allowing them to flow in and out of the cell to maintain the negative resting potential. This DOES NOT USE ATP |
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Definition
| A type of channel in the membrane of the cell that USES ATP to move ions against the gradient of the cell. |
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Definition
| The resting potential for a neuron is approximately -60mV. In the resting state, K+ passive gateways are open, while Na+ gateways are closed. This allows the flow of K+ to dictate the charge, and through diffusion a negative charge is formed |
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Definition
| Positively charged ion (K+, Na+) |
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Definition
| Negatively Charged Ion (Cl-) |
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Definition
| The "all or none"depolarization and re-polarization that travels along the axon. It is the electrical impulse the neuron fires. It occurs by collecting enough ESPS to exceed the threshold, and fires. This firing opens the Na+ channels and they flow into the cell, while K+ flows out of the cell giving it a large positive charge. |
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| Typical Action Potential Threshold |
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Definition
| -40 mV is the potential needed to get an Action potential to fire |
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| 5 Phases of Action Potential |
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Definition
-Resting potential at -60 mV
-Threshold is reached due to graded changes from EPSPs
-Na+ rushes into cell, Depolarizes it and makes it become Super Positive
-This makes the K+ rush out of the cell because of the large influx of positive charge, which makes the cell very negative, and over the resting potential (hyper-polarization)
-Resting potential is then reinstated using the Na+/K+ pump |
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Definition
| After Na+ has rushed into the cell, K+ rushes out to compensate for the charge increase. However, K+ over does this and becomes more negative than the resting potential, resulting in hyper-polarization |
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Definition
| Studying 1, specific unique case of something |
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Definition
| Creating a situation where you can try and prove a causal and effect relationship from it |
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Definition
| The part of an experiment you manipulate to test its effects on the dependent variable |
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Definition
| The part of the experiment you are studying, by manipulating the independent variable and testing its effects on the dependent one |
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Definition
| When you get a difference in results that is "too big to leave to chance" then your results have a significant difference |
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Definition
| A variable used to compare the independent variable to the "standard", to show that there is a difference |
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Term
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) |
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Definition
| An invasive way of measuring functional effects of brain stimulation. By attaching magnets to the head and activating different magnets at different times, they can test when which parts are activated stimulates different things |
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Term
| Computed Aided Tomography (CAT) |
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Definition
| A scanning process that takes X-rays of the brain. It reconstructs 2-D x-rays into 3 -D images of the internal organs. By using x-rays, it can distinguish brain density in certain areas |
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Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| MRI Machines have the brain enter a magnetic field which makes the atoms in the brain detectable. Most of the atoms cancel eachother out, but when a part of the brain is being activated the atoms release off energy that the MRI machine picks up! this allows images of the tissue to occur |
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Term
| Magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
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Definition
| MEG is an imaging technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by the activity in the brain, buy studying the net effects of the ionic flux activity |
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Term
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
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Definition
| By injecting someone with radioactive glucose, it allows us to see where the glucose is being dispersed throughout the brain! |
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Term
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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Definition
| Using an MRI imaging device (energy from different levels of the brain) along with a way of measuring the Blood Oxygen levels in the brain, over time can measure brain activity! It tests the levels of oxygen consumption and the parts of the brain with low blood oxygen are presumed to be more active (because they are using the oxygen) |
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Definition
| When someone is unconscious but maintains full brain activity |
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Term
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Definition
| When someone has no brain activity or any activity of any kind. They have no response to a PET scan, so the brain is not using any glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Much less brain activity than normal, they are asleep but not dreaming. They only really have their autonomic responses, not the high functioning conscious ones. Vegetative state patients have NO CONSCIOUSNESS |
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Definition
| Brain activity as though they are awake, but are paralyzed and cannot move! People who are eventually diagnosed with locked in syndrome are done so after someone uses a PET Scan. This can locate the conscious activity in the brain! |
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