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| study of the essential biology involved in the study of the mind |
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| made up of brain and spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| pathway that runs to and from the central nervous system; made up of somatic nerous systems and autonomic nervous system |
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| fibers of the peripheral nervous system that run toward the central nervous system |
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| fibers of the peripheral nervous system that run away from the central nervous system |
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| controls voluntary movement of striated muscles |
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| ANS; controls involuntary physiology of smooth muscles (digestion, circulation, breathing); responds more slowly than somatic nervous system; includes the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| part of the autonomic nervous system; controls arousal mechanisms (temp control, blood circulation, pupil dilation, threat and fear) |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| part of the autonomic nervous system tht is responsible for recuperation after arousal |
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| consists an inner core of gray metter and an outer core of white matter that go to and from the brain |
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| inner core of the spinal cord that is made up of cell bodies and dendrites |
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| outer covering of the spine made up of nerve fibers, axon bundles, and myelin sheathing |
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| highbrain, midbrain, and forebrain |
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| medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons, base of the reticular formation |
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| part of the hindbrain; controls breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure |
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| part of the hindbrain that controls muscle coordination, balance, posture; its size is related to amount of muscular activity |
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| part of the hindbrain that connects brain to the spine |
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| base of the reticular formation |
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Definition
| considered oldest part of the brain; bart of the hindbrainl controls alertness, thirst, sleep, and involuntary muscles such as the heart |
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Definition
| the reticular formation, tectum, tegmentum, |
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| part of the midbrain controls vision and hearing |
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| part of the midbrain, controls sleep, arousal, and eye movements |
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| corticospinal tract, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebral hemisphere, cerebral cortex |
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| part of the forebrain connecting the brain and the spine |
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Definition
| part of the forebrain that channels sensory information to the cerbral cortex |
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| part of the forebrain that controls autonomic nervous system biological motivations, such as hunger and thirst and the pituitary gland |
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Definition
| master gland (part of the hypothalamus) of the endocrine or hormone system |
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| part of the forebrain that is a group of structures around the brainstem involved in emotional activity and pleasure centers (hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus) |
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| part of the limbic system thought to be involved in memory by the encoding of new information |
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| part of the limbic system that control emotional reactions, such as fear and amnger |
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| part of the limbhic system that links areas in the brain dealing with emotion and decisions |
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| part of the forebrain; largest part of the brain; responsible for movement and higher functions; each hemisphere controls the limbs on the opposite side |
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Definition
| part of the cerbreal hemisphere that controls the hemispheres so that they communicate |
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| hemisphere than controls speech and motor control |
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| hemisphere that controls spatial perception and musical ability |
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| neocortex; the outer half inch of the cerebral hemispheres; the seat of sensory and intellectual functions; split into lobes; |
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Definition
| part of the cerebral cortex that controls motor, speech, reasoning, and problem solvin; houses Broca's and Wernicke's area for speech |
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Definition
| part of cerebral cortex responsible for vision |
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| part of cerebral cortex responsible for somatosensory |
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| part of cerebral cortex responsible for hearing |
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| bumps seen on the cerebral cortex surface |
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Definition
| fissures on the surface of the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| touch connective tissues covering the brain and spinal cord |
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| chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid that insulate the brain from shock |
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| controls visual reflexes that appear as bumps on the brain |
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| bumps on the brainstem that controls auditory reflexes |
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| cortical association areas |
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Definition
| areas on the cortex that correspond to certain function; the larger the area the more sensitive and high accessed is the corresponding function |
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Definition
| inability to organize movement |
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Definition
| difficulty processing sensory information |
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| language disorder; broca; wernicke |
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| disorder can understand speech but has difficulty speaking |
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| can speak but no longer understand how to choose words |
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Definition
| overeating with no satiation of hunder; damage to the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus |
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| incredible rage easily provoked when the cerebral cortex is removed |
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| used to impant electrodes into animals brains in experiments |
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| process children go through in which neural pathways are connected and then some are allowed to die out |
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Definition
| neuron branches that receive impulses; branching patterns change throughout life |
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Definition
| cell body; largest central portion and makes up gray matter; has a nucleus that directs neuron's activity |
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Definition
| where the soma and the axon connect |
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Definition
| transmits impulses of the neuron; bundles of these are nerve fibers (white matter); the wider a nerve fiber; the faster the conduction of impulses |
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Definition
| fatty, insulating sheath on some axons that allows faster conduction of axon impulses. looks like beads on a string |
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| the beadlike part of the myelin sheath |
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Definition
| the dips between the beads on the myelin sheath; help send the impulse down the axon |
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Definition
| jumping off points for impulses; contain synpatic vessels that hold neurotransmitters |
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| chemicals that stimulate nearby cells |
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Definition
| covers the whole neuron and has selective permeability; sometimes lets ions through |
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Definition
| positively charges that go through the cell membrane |
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| synpatic gap; space between two neurons where they communicate; between presynaptic cell and postsynaptic cell |
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| end of one neuron; terminal buttons |
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| beginning of another neuron (dendrites) |
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Definition
| inactivated state of a neuron; negatively charged, and the cell membrane does not let ions in |
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Definition
| changes in a nerve's cell's charge as the result of stimulation; excitatory and inhibitory are two types |
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Term
| excitatory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| positive charges from the outside are allowed into the cell in a process called depolarization-may cause the nerve to fire |
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| inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| the few positive changes in the cell body are let out, and the cell becomes hypoerpolarized-makes cell less likely to fire a nerve impulse |
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Definition
| nerve impulse; begins wehn a cell becomes stimulated with enough ions and fires |
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Definition
| refers to the fact that once a minimum threshold for stimulation is met, the nerve impulse will be sent; intensity always the same, regardless of stimulation amount |
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| absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| the time after a neuron fired in which it cannot respond to stimulus |
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| relative refractory period |
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Definition
| the time after the absolute refractory period when the neurons can fire, but it needs a much stronger stimulus |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter being reabsorbed by the presynaptic cell |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter that contracts skeletal muscles |
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Definition
| two classes of neurotrasmitters; indolamines, and catecholamines |
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Definition
| (indolamine); lack of serotonin is linked to depression |
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Definition
| catecholine, too little is associated with parkinson; too much is associated with schizophrenia |
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Definition
| master gland, in charge of the hormone system |
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Definition
| hormones in the bloodstream that determine whether an infant mammal will be male |
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| females receive during adolescence |
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| follicle stimulating hormone |
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Definition
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Definition
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| stimulates milk production |
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Definition
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Definition
| triggered by a hormone from the pituitary, the thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| electroencephalograms; measure brain wave patterns; used to study waking and sleeping states |
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Definition
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Definition
| first four stages of sleep; includes deepest level of sleep; delta and theta waves |
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Definition
| 20% of sleep; interspersed with REM sleep throughout the night; dreams; beta waves |
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Definition
| occurs when people are deprived of rem sleep, spending more time in rem sleep later in the night |
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