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| Refers to the idea that the brain is constantly changing throughout life |
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| large production of new cells (humans have the MOST neurons at birth) |
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| When the axon & dendrites form specific shapes (for specific functions) during development |
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-Nerve Growth Factor
-Promotes the survival and growth of the axon |
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| programmed mechanism of cell death |
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| Axons migrate towards anything that is signaling (creating synapses); when signals have nothing to signal to, they stop firing. |
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| The chemical that promotes the survival and activity of neurons |
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| When axons are sheathed to make the synapses fire more quickly |
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| a pre-programmed mechanism of cell death |
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| increases fluid & causes pressure |
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| blocking the flow oxygen particular area |
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| Release of blood in the brain |
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tissue plasminogen activator
-breaks up blood clots & reduces the effects of an ISCHEMIC stroke |
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| There are things that must be learned by a certain developmental stage or they won't be learned |
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| region that surrounds the immediate damage in the brain after injury |
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| taking information about the world |
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| how we make sense of our sensations |
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analysis of the stimulus begins with the sensory receptors & works up to the level of the brain & mind
--individual components ---> whole |
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Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience & expectations
--Whole known ---> individual components |
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| converts the stimulus energy into neural impulses |
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| to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage |
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| transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus |
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| adjustment of the lens of the eye for close or distant vision |
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receptor cells in the retina that detect fine details
-function well in daylight |
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Receptor cells in the retina that detect black, white, & gray
-function well at night
-help with peripheral vision |
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| calculating several aspects of the stimulus simultaneously |
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| diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
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| Nerve cells in the visual cortex that respond to specific features such as edges, angles, & movements |
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| chemicals released by rods & cones when struck by light |
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| every concentrated spot of receptors (cones) |
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| send messages to the ganglion cells & amacrine cells that are even closer to the center of the eye |
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| axons of these cells form the optic nerve |
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3 cones: short wavelength, medium wavelength, long wavelength
--combinations would fire for different colors |
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we perceive color in terms of opposite
--white/black
--yellow/blue
--red/green |
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| place where the 2 optic nerves meet |
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| outermost layer of the eye; white, fibrous protective globe |
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| clear disk at the front of eye; focuses light rays onto the receptor cells at back of eye |
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| fluid in the very front of the eyeball; refracts light rays onto retina |
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| colored part in center of eye; ring of muscles that controls amount of light that gets into eye |
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| Opening in center of eye (appears black); constricts or dilates with movement of iris |
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| fluid filling majority of eyeball; refracts lightwaves |
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| lined with visual receptor cells, rods & cones |
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| lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) |
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| visual part of the hypothalamus |
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| refers to the height and subsequent intensity of the sound wave |
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| the perception of the sound wave |
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| the number of compressions per seconds. Measured in Hertz |
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| Each area along the basilar membrane has hair cells sensitive to only one specific frequency of sound wave |
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| basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound wave and causes auditory nerve axons to produce action potentials at the same frequency |
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| Conductive/Middle Ear Deafness |
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| bones in middle ear fail to transmit sound waves properly to cochlea |
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| results from damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve |
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| refers to the system that detects the position & the movement of the head |
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