Term
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Definition
| pairing two stimuli changes the response to one of them (Pavlov) |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's RESPONSE LEADS to a reinforcer of punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical representation of what has been learned, studied by Lashley. like a connection between two brain areas |
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Term
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Definition
| if there is a strengthened connection between two brain areas, then a knife cut could interrupt the connection and abolish the learned response (this proved to not be the case) |
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Term
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Definition
| all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors such as learning, and any part of the cortex can substitute for any other |
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Term
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Definition
| the cortex works as a whole, and more cortex is better |
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Term
| Lashley's Unneccessary Assumption #1 |
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Definition
| the cerebreal cortex is best or only place to search for an engram |
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Term
| Lashley's Unneccessary Assumption |
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Definition
| all kinds of memory are physiologically the same |
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Term
| Lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP) |
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Definition
| nucleus of the cerebellum essential for learning. If suppressed nothing can be learned. It is needed for learning AND RETENTION |
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Term
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Definition
| midbrain motor area in cerebellum where learned responses present themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes that temporary storage is not a station on the route to long-term memory but the way we store info while we are working with it |
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Term
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Definition
| responding to something that you saw or head a short while ago |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inability to form memories for events that happened AFTER brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of memory for events that occured before the brain damage. There is usually a limit of around 3 years back |
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Term
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Definition
| memories of single events, treated differently than other memories by the brain |
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Term
| Future events and past events |
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Definition
| use the same part of the brain, people with hippocampus damage (like amnesia) cannot think of future events just like they cannot recall past events |
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Term
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Definition
| deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory |
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Term
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Definition
| influence or recent experience on behavior, even if one does not realize the influence |
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Term
| People with amnesia (4 things) |
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Definition
1. normal short-term or working memory
2. severe anterograde amnesia for declarative memory (formation of new memories)
3. severe loss of episodic memories
4. better implicit than explicit memories |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to state a memory in words |
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Term
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Definition
| development of motor skills and habits (motor memory) |
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Term
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Definition
| memory that has to do with location and understanding one's physical position in an environment is located in the hippocampus, the larger the hippocampus the better the spatial memory |
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Term
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Definition
| brain damage caused by prolonged thiamine deficiency. symptoms include apathy, confusion, and memory loss. impairment of ability to put memories in sequential order |
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Term
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Definition
| patients guess to fill in memory gaps, usually with happy emotions to make their lives seem more pleasant |
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Term
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Definition
| important for procedural memories |
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Term
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Definition
| important for working memory and reason |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of semantic memory, inability to put words to mental images |
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Term
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Definition
| a synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in response to mild stimuli as a result to exposure to more intense stimuli |
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Term
| Long-term potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
| burst of intense stimulation to a neuron leaves the synapses potentiated so it's more responsive to new input for extended periodds of time |
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Term
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Definition
| if some synapses have been highly active they will be strengthened |
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Term
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Definition
| nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP more strongly than does repeated stimulation by one axon |
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Term
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Definition
| pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to the weak input |
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Term
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Definition
| a prolonged decrease in response at a synapse due to lack of use |
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Term
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Definition
| where the right and left hemispheres are connected and exchange information |
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Term
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Definition
| better at perceiving emotions and expressions made by self and others, better at spatial relationships, better at overall patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| better at interpreting details, as well as center for language |
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Term
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Definition
| larger in the left hemisphere for 65% of people, has correlation with handedness. Bigger the ratio = better language skills, smaller ratio = better on certain nonverbal tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to produce new signals to represent new ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| syndrome with deletion of chromosome 7, mental retardation from decreased gray matter, no spatial perception but exceptionally fluent in language and grammar. |
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Term
| Pverty of Stimulus Argument |
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Definition
| children are born with language and keep developing it slowly, however it is difficult to believe that a child is born with the grammars of all the possible human languages |
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Term
| person who learns no language early in life |
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Definition
| is permanently impaired at learnign language |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Broca's (nonfluent) aphasia |
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Definition
| causes comprehension deficits when meaning or structure or sentence is more complicated. have problems with word meanings, not pronunciation |
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Term
| Wernicke's (fluent) Aphasia |
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Definition
| poor language comprehension and impaired ability to remember the names of objects. ability to speak and write fluently though |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to remember the name of objects |
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Term
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Definition
| trouble sounding out words, try to memorize word as a whole and sometimes subsitute words within context |
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Term
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Definition
| sound out words well but fail to recognize word as a whole |
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Term
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Definition
| of all that your eyes see at any instant, you are conscious of only those few to which you direct your attention. |
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Term
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Definition
| using context clues to gain a perception of earlier stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| with damage to the right hemisphere there is a tendency to ignore the left side of the body or the left side of objects |
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Term
|
Definition
| depression can better be diagnosed by lack of happiness rather than increased sadness |
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Term
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Definition
| depression is often linked with another disorder such as add, substance abuse, or migraines |
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Term
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Definition
| viral infection in farm animals, produces periods of frantic activity with that of inactivity, only depressed or bipolar people contract it |
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Term
| hemispheric abnormalities |
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Definition
| happiness is centered in left prefrontal cortex, depressed people have decreased activity in left with increased activity in right prefrontal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| people with bipolar disorder who have full blown mania |
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Term
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Definition
| those with bipolar disorder who have milder manic phases called hypomania whcih are characteristized by agitation or anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| a mood stabalizer used for bipolar disorder, too much is toxic |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder characterized by deteriorating ability to function in everyday life and by some combination of perception disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden onset with good prospects for recovery |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual onset with a long-term course |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors that are present that should be absent, 2 types, psychotic and disorganized |
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Term
|
Definition
| behaviors that are absent that should be present. usually stable over time and difficult to treat. usually include emotional expression, speech, working memory |
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Term
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Definition
| unfounded beliefs such as the convition that one is being persecuted |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal sensory experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| positive symptoms such as innapropriate emotional displays, bizarre behaviors, incoherrent speech... |
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Term
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Definition
| ruling out other conditions that might produce similar symptoms as schizophrenia |
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Term
| neurodevelopmental hypothesis |
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Definition
| schizo is neonatal or prenatal |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for people born in winter to have a higher risk of schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of physics that asks why the universe exists at all |
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Term
| physiological explanation |
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Definition
| relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs |
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Term
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Definition
| describes how a structure of behavior develops |
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Term
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Definition
| reconstructs the evolutionary history of the structure or behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| explains WHY a structure or behavior came into being |
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Term
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Definition
| concerns why and how any kind of brain activity is associated with consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| if a genetic or prenatal influence produces an increase in some activity this activity is often nurtured creating the influence to flourish |
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Term
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Definition
| action that benefits someone other than the actor |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that individuals who help those who will return the favor |
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Term
|
Definition
| receive info and transmit it to other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| type of glial cell that removes waste material and controls amount of blood flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| glial cell that works like a white blood cell |
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Term
| Schwann Cells and Oligodendrocytes |
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Definition
| help build the myelin sheaths |
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Term
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Definition
| guide migration of neurons and their axons during embryonic development |
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Term
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Definition
| protein-mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the jumping of action potentials from node to node in the breaks of the myelin sheaths |
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Term
|
Definition
| repeated stimuli within a brief time has a cumulative effect |
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Term
| excitatory postsynaptyic potential |
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Definition
| graded depolarization of a membrane, increases frequency of action potentials |
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Term
|
Definition
| synaptic inputs from seperate locations combine their effects on 1 neuron |
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Term
| inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane, decrease frequency of action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate neuron in the spinal cord that activates other motor neurons in response to a sensory neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| periodic production of action potentials even without synaptic input, ex. earthquakes |
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Term
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Definition
| type of drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| drug that mimics or increase the effects of a neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| when a drug is able to bind to a receptor, like lock and key |
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Term
|
Definition
| drug's tendency to activate the receptor |
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Term
|
Definition
| where dopamine is released |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase excitement, alertness, mood |
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Term
|
Definition
| people with this gene are on average more impulsive |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| when neurons form their axons and dendrites |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| tiny area specialiezed for acute, detailed vision |
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Term
|
Definition
| respond to faint light, black and white vision |
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Term
|
Definition
| good for color vision, concentrated in the fovea |
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Term
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Definition
| disease that causes loss of abilities to use muscles and deterioration of mental activity. caused by gradual death of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| neurological disoder that is from a dominant gene. motor symptoms include muscle jerks and twitches, loww or ability to control movement, suffer from schizophrenia like symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| a rhythm, which occurs when no stimuli resets or alters it |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus that resets rhythms, for circadian rhythm it is mainly light and temperature |
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Term
| suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
| controls that circadian rhythms for sleep and body temperature |
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Term
|
Definition
| mutation in this modifier gene gives people circadian rhythms lasting 26 hours instead of 24 hours |
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Term
|
Definition
| mutation in this gene causes people to have a circadian rhythm faster than 24 hours |
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Term
|
Definition
| hormone which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms |
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Term
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Definition
| extended period of unconsiousness caused by head trauma, stroke, or disease. keeps fairly steady brain activity while in this state, no response to stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
| person alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, but when there is arousal the person has no awareness. sometimes cognitive activity |
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Term
| minimally conscious state |
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Definition
| one step higher than vegetative, occasional brief periods of purposeful actions and limited amount of speech comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
| condition with no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus, wait 24 hours before pronouncing dead |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter neccessary for STAYING awake |
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Term
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Definition
| condition with frequent periods of sleepiness during the day. lack of hypothalamic cells that produce and release orexin |
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Term
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Definition
| attack of muscle weakness while the person remains awake, often triggered by strong emotions of noises |
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Term
|
Definition
| disorder where the person moves around vigorously during REM periods, acting out dreams |
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Term
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Definition
| person has intense anxiety from which they wake up screaming in terror. NOT FROM DREAMS |
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Term
| activation-synthesis hypothesis |
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Definition
| dream represents the brain's effort to make sense of sparse and distorted information |
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Term
| clinico-anatomical hypothesis |
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Definition
| dreams are thinking that takes place under unusual conditions, such as little info coming from sense organs |
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Term
| sexually dimorphic nucleus |
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Definition
| larger in males than females and contributes to control of male sexual behavior, for girls controls the menstrual cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| forebrain area which is critical for emotion, contains amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
| nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it |
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