Term
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Definition
A lifelong disability that manifests before the age of 22 (diagnosis or not). It effects functioning in three or more areas:
-independent living
-economic self sufficiency
-learning
-mobility
-receptive and expressive language
-self care
-self-direction |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs with the deletion of the gene on Chromosome 7! Occurs in 1/20,000 births!
It is characterized by an "small nose" or "elfin face," an unusually happy deameanor around strangers, ID (mental retardation), and unusual language skills |
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Term
| Intellectual Disability (ID) |
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Definition
| Formally defined as mental retardation, it is anyone who has an IQ lower than 70 |
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Term
| Williams syndrome cause and prevalence |
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Definition
| Williams syndrome is caused by a lack of gene in chromosome 7. It occurs 1/20000 births |
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Term
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Definition
Down syndrome is caused by a "trisomy 21" or having an extra 21st chromosome.
Down Syndrome is characterized by Intellectual Disability (ID) and learning disabilities. Also impairments in physical appearance! |
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Term
| Cause and Incidence of Down Syndrome |
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Definition
| Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21, or having a 3rd 21st chromosome. It is estimated to occur in 1/800 to 1/1000 births |
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Term
| Reductions in brain areas in Williams Syndrome |
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Definition
| Reduction in areas primary the occipital, parietal and frontal cortex. THERE IS SPARING OF THE TEMPORAL CORTEX |
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Term
| Reductions in brain areas in Down Syndrome |
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Definition
| The reduction of brain volume in Down Syndrome is more "generalized," or that the reductions are all over brain |
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Term
| Differences in brain volume reduction between Williams and down syndrome |
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Definition
| The AMOUNT of cerebral volume is about the same between the two. However in Williams, specific areas are targeted, specifically the occiptial, parietal and frontal cortex. The temporal lobe is sparred. However in down syndrome, the loss of brain volume/function is all over the brain |
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Term
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Definition
A specific learning disability that is defined as specific difficulty with reading, with NO other intellectual impairment.
EX: A child with low reading due to low ID they do not have dyslexia. Dyslexia is reading ability by itself |
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Term
| Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) |
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Definition
*One of the pervasive developmental Disorders!
Autism is characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication. It also involves repetitive behaviors, that usually occur before the child is 3. It is more prevalent with males. It leads to ID, and also impairments in sensory processing.
The genetics and cause of autism is complex and misunderstood! We know its genetic, but we do not know how yet |
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Term
| Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) |
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Definition
Disorders of delays or impairments in socialization and communication skills that have an onset before 3 years!
The PDDS are:
-Autism
-Asperger's Syndrome
-Childhood Disintergrative Disorder
-Retts Syndrome
-PDD Unspecified |
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Term
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD) |
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Definition
| This is a disorder in attention, impulsive, and may include hyperactivity! It effects about 5% of the world, and is neurological in nature (reduced frontal lobe activation!) |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| This is a disability caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. It is associated with ID and learning disabilities! |
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Term
| Birth Anoxia/ Premature Bleeds |
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Definition
| A disability known to cause cerebral palsy, ID, and learning disabilities! |
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Term
| How do we define disorders with no clear biological marker? |
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Definition
| We use behavioral criteria as defined in the DSM. The book is periodically updated, so diagnoses change. |
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Term
| What is an issue with using diagnostic criteria that depend on behavior definitions when diagnosing? |
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Definition
| An example of this is Diagnostic criteria for autism has changed over the years, and now we cannot be sure why its prevalence is increasing |
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Term
| Williams Syndrome vs Down Syndrome |
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Definition
| In Williams syndrome, there are severe declines in visuospatial deficits and language, where as down syndrome has more "eve" cognitive deficits. THIS RELATES to the brain functioning, and how in Williams syndrome there are losses in the parietal, frontal, and occiptial lobe, but in downs syndrome the distribution is more even! |
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Term
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Definition
| They are treated with stimulants! This causes a "paradoxical" calming with the disorder. (The stimulant enhances brain activity in normal individuals) |
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Term
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Definition
A savant is someone who have one or more areas of exceptional expertise, but they ALSO have a developmental disability, which contradicts with their super ability!
-50% of the time, these are autistic savantes! |
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Term
| ____% of Autistic kids are thought to be Savants |
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Definition
| 10% of Autistic children have "unusual skills" or very high powered skills at certain things |
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Term
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Definition
| This is when someone has an exceptional skill and a disability, like a savant, except their skill is at the level of a genius! Their ability to for that one skill is spectacular compared to those at normal functioning, overcoming their disability entirely |
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Term
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Definition
A psychiatric Diagnosis that describes mental illness by distortions in the perception or expression of reality. This included auditory hallucinations, paranoia, delusions, disorganized speech/thinking.
Occurs at about 20s for males and 30s for females, with slightly more male than female.
Genetics, prenatal factors, neurobiology, and environment TOGETHER cause Schizophrenia |
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Term
| Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Positive as in "extra" symptoms of Schizophrenia. They are things such as hallucinations (auditory > visual), delusions of persecution, disordered thought processes |
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Term
| Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Think "less behavior" when you think negative. Negative symptoms include social withdrawal, flat affect, anhedonia, reduced motivation, catatonia, etc. |
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Term
| Schizophrenia and Heritability |
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Definition
| Schizophrenia is strongly correlated with heritability, but it is not 100% correlated. |
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Term
| Brain Structures and Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Those with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles, which is consistent with other brain abnormalities, and reductions in hippocampus size and tissue! |
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Term
| There is reduced _____ lobe activation with schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Reduced frontal lobe activation with schizophrenia |
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Term
| In schizophrenic teens, there is an abnormal rate of ______ |
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Definition
| an abnormal rate of grey matter loss! this may be the result of too much synaptic pruning |
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Term
| Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| The dopamine hypothesis (too much DA) as a result of schizophrenia has lead to the use of drugs to block dopamine as the typical antipsychotic drug! Also serotonin blockers can be used as well |
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Term
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Definition
Depression is feeling "down" or "low or "hopeless" for weeks at a time (or longer). 20 million people have symptoms of depression.
The symptoms are:
-persistant sad or empty mood
-pessismism
-guilt, worhtlessness, helplessness
-loss of interest in pleasure for hobbies they once enjoyed
*extreme sadness for longer periods of time |
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Term
| Brain Areas that are over activated in Depression |
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Definition
The amygdala, and possibly the frontal cortex!
*There is debate on the frontal cortex activation is true. |
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Term
| True or False: there are higher cortisol levels in depressed individuals |
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Definition
| True, there are higher cortisol levels in depressed individuals |
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Term
| Drugs used to treat depression |
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Definition
| Drugs used to treat depression are SSRIs, or serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
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Term
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Definition
| Depression is more prevalent in females than males |
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Term
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Definition
| HPA is defined as the feedback between the hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal. In depression, there is poor HPA feedback, which likely explains the lack of inhibition (making too much) of cortisol! |
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Term
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Definition
| Depression leads to less stages 3-4 (Deep) sleep! |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA manic-depressive disorder. This is when there are unusual shifts in a persons mood, energy, and ability to function that are different from the "normal ups and downs." The symptoms of bipolar are severe, going from manic happy to depressing sad easily. |
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Term
| Bipolar disorder and the brain |
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Definition
| Bipolar patients have enlarged ventricles, which underlies other brain abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
| To Treat bipolar you use mood stabilizers like lithium. People resist this sometimes however, as they do not want to lose the manic state |
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Term
| Obsessive Compulsion Disorder ODC |
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Definition
OCD is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by obsessive, distressing thoughts, and related compulsions (rituals or tasks) to neutralize those obsessions.
*said to be caused by over activity in the cortico-striatial circuit, and can be treated by small lesions in this circuit |
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Term
| What brain structure is thought to cause OCD? |
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Definition
| OCD is thought to be caused by over activity in the cortico-striatal circuit, and can be treated by lesions to this circuit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug treatments focus on anti-anxiety and anti-depressant medication |
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Term
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
This is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened, and it is a severe and ongoing emotional reaction to an extreme psychological trauma.
*often seen in veterans
Flashbacks of bad memories often occur |
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