Term
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Definition
| It is a free skin nerve ending with Unmyelinated fibers. It is slow and deals with cool temperature and dull pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a free skin nerve ending with Unmyelinated fibers! It is slow and deals with cool temperature and dull pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a free skin nerve ending with Mylelinated Fibers. It deals with sharp pain and high temperatures/ burns! |
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Term
| Pain and Temp Nerve Endings |
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Definition
| This is made up of 3 types of nerve endings, two which are unmyelinated (CMR1 and TRPV1), and one myelinated (TRP2). It deals with temperature and pain! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is another name for pain receptor! |
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Term
| 4 types of Touch Receptors |
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Definition
4 types!
-pacinian corpuscle
-Ruffini's ending
-Meissner Corpuscle
-Merkel's Disks |
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Term
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Definition
| This is one of the types of touch receptors. It deals with vibration, large receptive field, and fast adapting! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is one of the 4 types of touch receptors. It deals with stretch, it has a large border, and it is slow adapting! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is one of the 4 types of touch receptors. It deals with touch specifically, it has small receptive fields, and its fast adapting. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is one of the 4 types of touch receptors. It deals with touch, it has a small receptive field, and it is slow adapting. |
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Term
| Skin Differential Thresholds |
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Definition
| Cutaneous, or skin, stimulus is coded via differential receptor thresholds. This means that as we increase the intensity of the touch stimulus (aka pleasure, pain, temperature) the more neurons are depolarized! (AKA the more that we "feel it" |
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Term
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Definition
| Touch information is ascended up the dorsal column of the spinal cord, into the medulla, which CROSSES the mid line just before reaching the thalamus to the thalamus nucleus (VPN Nucleus), which sends the message up to the somatosensory cortex! |
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Term
| Topographic Mappy in the Somatosensory Cortex |
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Definition
The Somatosensory cortex has "1-1" map betweeen the body and the brain. In other words, each part of the bodies touch sense has a different part on the Somatosensory Cortex!
Note that the map isn't exactly 1-1! Some parts are bigger than others, meaning we get a higher touch reception from different parts of the body (EX hands are a large part of the somatosensory cortex) |
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Term
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Definition
This is the part of the brain that deals with touch receptors. It has a 1-1 Mapping that takes in different touch information from the body! Each part of it deals with a different part of the body!
Note: It is broken up into the Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1) and the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex (S2) |
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Term
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Definition
| This is also known as the primary somatosensory cortex. It deals with everything in the body that's not in the mouth! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is also known as the secondary somatosensory cortex. It deals with the Throat, tongue, teeth, jaw, and gum touch messages! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the little guy whose body is proportional to the sensory receptor populations in our Somatosensory Cortex! It shows that we have the most touch sense receptors in the brain on our hands and lips! |
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Term
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Definition
| Our brain can adjust the amount of cortical representation in the brain! You can increase it if you are taught to use some fingers more than others, which makes those fingers regions bigger! You can decrease it when you lose a digit or hand! The other parts of the body take over those somatosensory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| When someone is amputated or loses a limb, the other parts of the body take over those somatosensory receptors! So, if someone loses their hand, if they stimulate the part of the face where they lost their hand, they will feel stimulation in the hand that isnt there anymore! |
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Term
| Laminar Organization of Somatosensory Cortex |
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Definition
The somatosensory Cortex is organized into layers! Each "Lamina" is formed by migrating neurons early in development!
EX: Layer 4 of the SM Cortex deals ONLY with input from the thalamus. 5 and 6 Project Downward!
AKA our Somatosensory Cortex is divided into layers!! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is when we receive pain signals! Pain messages are recieved from the free nerve endings/ receptors, and they project to the anterolateral thalamic system (like touch info), but this time it CROSSES the spinal cord and goes to the front of the spinal column, which then goes to the reticular formation, the periaduaductal grey, and then EITHER to the frontal cortex, cingulate cortex, or Primary Somatosensory Cortex, depending on the pain! |
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Term
| Why is the pain pathway different than the normal touch somatosensory pathway? |
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Definition
-The pain pathway is "older", we developed the touch one later in "evolution
AND
-pain is 2 ways (descends) so it takes a different pathway than normal touch |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the bodies response to pain reception. The periaquaductal grey releases opiates, which go to the raphe nucleus. The raphe nucleus then triggers serotonin inhibition of the ascending pain pathway. The creation of raphe serotonin helps people with the pain, to get it to stop! |
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Term
| DIfferences in Somatosensory Pathway and the Pain Pathway |
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Definition
The pain pathway crosses the midline inside of the spinal cord, and goes up the spinal column from the front. This leads to the reitcular formation, the periaquaductual grey, and then it goes to 3 parts of the brain, frontal, cingulate, and primary somatosensory cortex!
-Normal touch instead crosses IN the brain right before it reaches the thalmus nucleus, which is then sent up to the somatosensory cortex |
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Term
| 3 ways on How we PERCEPT Pain |
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Definition
Because pain moves up the front of the spinal cord, it goes to the reticular formation, to the periaquaductal grey, it goes to 3 parts of the BRAIN! Each part gives us a different way we perceive pain
-Frontal Cortex gives us our cognitive thought on the pain
-Cingulate part of the brain gives us our emotional/ motivational response to the pain
-The sensory motor cortex tells us where the pain is coming from! |
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Term
| Cognitive Perception of Pain |
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Definition
| This is our thoughts on the pain that is occuring to us. This response is done when pain messages go up the reticular formation and to the periaquaductal grey, it goes to the frontal cortex! this helps us Percept pain cognitively |
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Term
| Motivational Perception of Pain |
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Definition
| AKA Motivational perception of pain. When pain messages go up the reticular formation, and into the periaquaductal grey, it goes into the CINGULATE cortex of the brain (specifically the hypothalmus). This then follows with an emotional response to the pain, or how we feel about it |
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Term
| Location Perception of Pain |
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Definition
| The "Sensory-Discriminative" system of pain is from the SM cortex. This is when pain goes from the front of the spinal cord, to the reticular formation, to the periaquaductal grey, it sends the message to the SM cortex! This allows us to location where the pain in the body is! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a part of the brain that is in the pain pathway. It is in BOTH the ascending (receiving) and descending (response) pathways of pain. In ascending, as the grey the pain neural message will go to either the frontal, cingulate, or SM cortex to be perceived. In the descending response to pain, the periaquaductual grey releases opiates! This causes the raphe nucleus (other part of the brain) to send serotonin down, which inhibits pain messages! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a part of the brain that deals with the ascending pain pathway. When pain messages are sent up the front of the spinal cord, they are met by the reticular formation, which sends them to the periaquaductal grey |
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Term
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Definition
| Epidurals work by blocking Neural transmission in BOTH Directions of the spinal column. This blockage causes lack of motor control from the injection down the spinal cord, by inhibiting sodium channels in the spinal cord (prevent Action potential!) |
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Term
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Definition
| Like Opiates (codeine, oxycontin) the good stuff! They act by HELPING the bodies descending pain inhibition. They boost inhibitory serotonin levels, help our body feel less of the ascending pain message! |
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Term
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Definition
AKA Periphery nervous system pain killers. There are many types of peripheral pain killers, which have different effects of dealing with pain.
EX: Aspirin and NSAIDS reduce prostoglanins. lidocaine deactivates neural receptors |
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Term
| Chronic Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis (CIPA) |
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Definition
| This is the disease where you dont feel any pain!! Think of the boy who could bite on his tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| These are painkillers that act as narcotics! EX: morphine and heroin |
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Term
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Definition
| These are painkillers that are Neuropeptide Opioids! Or ones made from poly peptides. EX: Endorphins, Enkephalins, and Dynorphins |
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Term
| How different painkillers effect body different ways! |
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Definition
| They effect different receptors! EX: endorphins effect the delta opinoid receptor, while heroin and morphine effect the Mu opinion receptor! Both opinions, but different receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Fancy words for the process of smelling! When a olfactory hair cell, a tiny cell in our nose, one of their receptors is bound by a matching odor particle, it depolarizes the hair cell! This excites the mirtal neuron and it fires, which sends it to the olfactory bulb! This causes the smell to be sent to the amygdala and hippocampus, and we perceive smell! |
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Term
| Why does smell trigger strong memories? |
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Definition
| The mitral neuron from the depolarization of hair cells sends a message to the Olfactory bulb, which sends messages to the amygdala and hippocampus! The association with the hippocampus and memory is why smell and memory have such strong connections |
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Term
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Definition
| A smell memory that unleashes an intense memory from the past based on a smell. This occurs because of the relationship between the hippocampus, amygdala, and olfactory bulb |
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Term
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Definition
| This is known as a sounds "loudness", or sound pressure. It is measured in decibels (dB) |
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Term
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Definition
| This is how often a sound wave occurs. It is also known as pitch or tone. It is measured in hertz (cycles per second) |
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Term
| Frequency of Sound Amongst Species |
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Definition
| Humans can hear up to a certain frequency, but dogs and cats have a higher frequency capacity than humans! They can hear sounds we cant |
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Term
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Definition
-External (ear and ear drum)
-Middle (Bones and air)
-Inner Ear (cochlea and inner fluid) |
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Term
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Definition
| The tympanic membrane is part of the outer ear, and it is the last part of the outer ear. It takes sound waves and vibrates according to those sound waves, sending those vibtrations to the middle ear (the bone structure) |
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Term
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Definition
| This is part of the middle ear, it also known are the bony stapes. When the tympanic membrane takes sound air waves from the outer ear, it vibrates and sends those vibrations to the bony stapes. This focuses and intensifies the vibrations from the tympanic membrane and transmits it to the oval window of the cochlea! This transfer and intensification makes it easier to transfer the vibrations from air (middle ear) to the fluid (inner ear). Fluid is harder to vibrate than air |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the part that separates the middle ear bony structure and the inner ear! It allows the vibrations from the bony stapes to reach the fluid filled middle ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the fluid that is in our ears! It is located in the cochlea of our inner ear. The vibrations from the bony stapes send vibrations to the oval window and into the perilymph! This causes the Basilar (and the Reissners, but not as important) membrane to vibrate! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the membrane that is atached to the "scala Vestibuli" or the higher of the sections of perilymph. When perilymph vibrates it causes the reissners membrane to vibrate! However, it is attached to the scala media, which does not move. So unlike the basilar membrane, the ressiners membrane does not send vibrtation signal (THIS IS WHY THE TECTORIAL DOESN'T MOVE) |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the membrane that is atached to the "scala Vestibuli" or the higher of the sections of perilymph. When perilymph vibrates it causes the reissners membrane to vibrate! However, it is attached to the scala media, which does not move. So unlike the basilar membrane, the ressiners membrane does not send vibrtation signal (THIS IS WHY THE TECTORIAL DOESN'T MOVE) |
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Term
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Definition
| This membrane is attached to the "scala tympani" or the lower part of the perilymph. The basilar membrane recieves vibrations from the perilymph fluid (FROM THE BONY STRUCTURES) and it causes the basilar membrane to vibrate as well! This causes the organ of corti's hair cells to vibrate on the basilar side, while remaining steady on the tectorial side. This causes depolarization of the hair cells and transduction of sound occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Because the vibrations in the reissner's membrane reach the scalia media, which does not move, the tectorial membrane does NOT vibrate. This non-vibration is key, as it holds the tectorial side constant while the basilar side of the basilar membrane in the cochlea moves! This diagonal movement of the haircells causes the depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| This is what makes up most of the inner ear! It is also where the hair cells are located! This is imporatnt because as the basilar membrane moves the organ of corti's hair cells, and the tectorial membrane keeps them steady, this bending causes depolarization! This sends messages down the spiral neurons to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| The bending of these in the organ of corti from the moving basilar and the constant tectorial membranes cause depolarization of the hair cell to occur (Opens K+ channel). The depolarization causes Action Potential to be sent to the spiral neurons to the brain! |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer hair cells are hair cells that their depolarization and AP triggers vibrations of the hair cells themselves. This leads to having more sensitive hearing in mammals, as more vibration leads to more vibration of any hair cell, which depolarizes and sends its messages to the spiral neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| These can be found in the inner ear in the cochlea. Once the basilar and tectorial membranes have bent the hair cells, they depolarize and cause a graded depolarization in the spiral neuron. This then sends hearing messages to the brain! |
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Term
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Definition
Tonotopy is the way hearing occurs in the basilar membrane. Higher frequencies go to the base of the membrane, where as lower frequencies go to the tip. The difference in frequencies makes the corresponding hair cells and spinal neurons to have preferred frequencies. So each of our hair cells has preferred frequencies!!
AKA This low to high frequency organization leads to TONOTOPY. It is organized throughout the hearing system |
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Term
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Definition
| These neurons have just ONE single hair cell. Therefore type 1 spiral neurons exhibit much more 'preferred frequencies' cuz they need a specific hair cell to be depolarized. They have a higher "Tuning Curve" |
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Term
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Definition
| These type of spiral neurons contact many hair cells, usually in a row, so they have a higher range of frequencies to activate them! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the part of the membrane that prefers higher frequencies, so it vibrates to higher frequency sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the part that prefers lower frequency sounds |
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Term
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Definition
This is how many cycles of sound wave can be encoded and transduced per second in our brain! This brings of an issue that spiral neurons cant fire fast enough to encode higher frequencies. This is Solved by 2 ways!
-Spatial Segretation
-Phase Locking |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the idea of tonotopy, or the organization of the basilar membrane from high to low frequency. By organizing it in this way and creating preferred hair cells, it allows for efficient depolarization and helps solve the encoding frequency speed problem of single spiral neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| This is one of the ways to help solve the single spiral neuron encoding frequency problem. Because neurons cannot fire fast enough, by spatiall segreating them through tonotopy, and PHASE LOCKING, which is collectively firing neurons together with the same frequency rate, it solves this problem. EX Volley ball team firing together! |
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Term
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Definition
This is how loud or intense a sound is and how loud/ intense we encode it into our brain
This helps determine
-neural firing rate
-spatial spread |
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Term
| Neural Firing Rate in hearing |
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Definition
| This is determined by our encoding amplitude! The more intense a sound is, the more likely a neuron will fire! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is determined by our encoding amplitude. This is the idea that louder sounds activate a more distributed network of hair cells. The louder a sound is the more hair cells depolarized! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the part of the ear where transduction occurs the organ of corti in the cochlea have hair cells that when are bent from sound vibration cause depolarization of those sends and action potentials to be sent down the spiral neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Two collections of neurons in the brainstem that recieve input from the cochlear nerve from the two cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| A part of the auditory pathway structure. It receives messages from the cochlear nucleus and sends it to the inferior colliculus |
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Term
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Definition
| The inferior colliculus is a part of the auditory pathway system. It takes messages from the olivary nucleus and sends it to the medial geniculate nucleus, or MGN |
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Term
| Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) |
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Definition
| This is part of the auditory pathway system. It takes messages from the inferior Colliculus and sends it either to the primary Auditory Cortex (A1) or the Secondary Auditory Cortex (A2) depending on what needs to be percieved |
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Term
| Primary Auditory Cortex (A1) |
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Definition
| This is also known as the primary auditory cortex. It receives messages from the Medial Geniculate Nucleus, or MGN. It deals with depicting where a sound is that we heard |
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Term
| Secondary Auditory Cortex (A2) |
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Definition
| This is a part of the auditory pathway (last one). It receives messages from the MGN, or medial geniculate nucleus, and the secondary auditory cortex deals with how he process the sound we hear. It is what we think/ know about a sound |
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Term
| Wernickes Area is in the _______ Cortex |
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Definition
| A2, or secondary auditory cortex. This is where sound is processed (understood like in wernickes area). This is connected to brocas area, which is in the frontal/ motor cortex, and this allows speech production |
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Term
| Auditory Pathway Structures |
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Definition
The Auditory Pathway Structures are:
Cochlea
Cochlear Nucleus
Olivary Nucleus
Interior Colliculus
Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN)
A1 or A2
CCOIMA/A
(koy-mah) |
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Term
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Definition
| When someone is born with either abnormalities in the hearing apparatus (ears, etc), or abnormalities in their audiotory nerve/ brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Hearing loss due to degeneration of hair cells! |
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Term
| Injury Induced Hearing Loss |
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Definition
| An injury that leads to loss of hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| Over time, the loss of tympanic membrane flexibility (doesnt vibrate as fluidly) causes hearing loss |
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Term
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Definition
| Hearing Aids boost the ability of a signal (ex create more intense easier to detect vibrations in the ear), but they cannot fix a problem with the ear itself! ONLY enhance sound messages |
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Term
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Definition
| Will be used if hearing loss is profound and cannot be boosted by hearing aids. The cochlear implant has several limitations, as it only really works in those who had recent loss |
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Term
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Definition
| Light Frequency waves determine the color of the wave. EX: higher frequencies mean close to blue/ purple color |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a part of our eye. It opens and closes in response to the amount of light we take in, to make sure our eyes dont get overexposed |
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Term
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Definition
| The lens is a part of out eye. It adjusts its conformation based on what we are focused on seeing. It's like the telescope part of our eyes! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the "hole" in the back of the eye that the optic nerve exits out of. This causes a blind spot in our vision! The blind spot is fixed however, as our brains make up for the visual difference |
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Term
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Definition
It is the light sensitive tissue that outlines the inner surface of the eye. It is composed of the eyes photoreceptors (light Receptors), rods and cones, as well as bipolar cells ans ganglion cells, all used to take in light and transduce it into neural messaging
NOTE: the ganglion and bipolar cells are infront of the rod and cone photorecpetors. This crossing is because of the inverted design of the eye, which allows light to pass over the receptors and then crossed back into the ganglion cells to be passed into the optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the part of the eye with the highest visual detail! it is our best spot in the eye for sight. It has the most photoreceptor cells! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a collection of the retina's ganglion cells to form a large nerve circuit that carries visual imaging out of the optic disk (blind spot) and into the brain! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is also known as visual accuracy! how well we see something |
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Term
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Definition
| This is caused from when the vision is focuses in front of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| This is caused from when the visual image is focused outside or behind of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| These are cells that are attached to the bipolar cells in the retina, which are attached to the light photoreceptors call rods and cones. Ganglion cells take these messages from photorecpetors and send them down into the optic nerve, a large collection of ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a protein found in rods and cones! It is sensitive to light, and when it absorbs a photon (particle of light), it changes its configuration! This changing causes a reduction of cGMP, which starts the phototransduction process! |
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Term
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Definition
This is a protein messenger that is vital in phototranscution. When Ospin is introduced to photons, it changes and causes cGMP to reduce. The reduction in cGMP causes a hyperpolarization in the cell, which starts the phototransduction process!
cGMP regulates Na/Ca channel, and when reduced, the cell becomes highly negative and hyperpolarized |
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Term
| Phototransduction Process |
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Definition
First Light sends photons to the retina, which passes into the rods and cones. Then the rods and cones ospin, a protein, changes formation in response to the photon. This causes a reduction in cGMP due to the ospin change. This makes the rods and cones hyperpolarize, and produce less transmitter. This loss of transmitter is sent to the bipolar cells in between the rods and cones and the ganglion cells. Bipolar cells invert the signal, so less transmitter makes that cell depolarize. This depolarization of that cell leads to an action potential in the ganglion cell, whose message is sent down the optic nerve.
AKA light, to rod and cone, to opsin change, to less cGMP, to hyperpolarization rod and cone, to depolarization of bipolar cell, to AP in ganglion cell |
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Term
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Definition
They are one of the two types of photorecpetors. They encode blue/green light which is generally perceived as grey, so they deal with NON COLOR VISION. They are low acuity, but deal with lower levels of light. They are therefore used for night vision when light isnt as prominent.
They also have 1 ospin protein called rhodospin |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the ospin protein found in rods. Rhodospin, when exposed to light, changes its formation and causes a decrease in cGMP, which causes phototransduction |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two types of photo receptors. Cones are high acuity and are found mainly in the fovea. There are 3 types of cone, each with a preferred wavelength of light and its own Ospin, which allows for the seeing of the array of colors. The 3 wavelengths are red, blue, and green |
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Term
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Definition
| This occurs when someone is missing one of the 3 kinds of cones in their retina! Because of this, they are unable to see whichever wavelength those cones prefer |
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Term
| Visual Detail by frequency |
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Definition
| Visual detail levels can be described by its frequency. High frequency = HD TV, or lots if info per inch. Low Frequency = simple, low detail per inch |
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Term
| Vidual Detail by Contrast |
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Definition
| The level of contrast can be used to describe visual detail as well. (Black/White = high contrast, shades of grey = low contrast). Higher contrast is viewed as better visual detail |
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Term
| Organization of the Primary Visual Cortex (V1) |
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Definition
Organization of the V1 is laminar, or uses layers and columns like the S1 and A1!
-It also is retinotopic! or sounding areas of the retina correspond to different preferred visual areas! (like tonotopic, but instead of touch like in vibrations, it is what the retina prefers at a given spot) |
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Term
| Response Intensity in Visual System |
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Definition
The Visual System responds to increasingly complex information as you ascend up the phototransduction pathway.
EX: Rods and cones go from point to point, while ganglion cells see visual field to visual field, while the primary Visual cortex binds the information with meaning and memories for a deeper meaning |
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Term
| Critical Period in vision |
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Definition
| People who are blind and get their vision back do get it back, but never on the same level/ acuity as other people. This proves there is a visual crtical period (think of the blind cats) |
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Term
| Visual Blindness brain Plasticity |
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Definition
| People who are born congentially blind instead learn how to read braille. This causes some of the visual field in our brain to adapt more to somatosensory information! |
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Term
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Definition
| Controlled via brain and pyramidal system. They are voluntary muscles that contract and relax in short bursts |
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Term
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Definition
| Controlled via the brain and sympathetic/ parasympathetic nervous system. They are involuntary muscles that contract and relax in short bursts |
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Term
| Smooth (non striated muscle) |
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Definition
| They are controlled via the brain and the enteric, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and autonomic nervous systems. They are very involuntary muscles, such as enervating the gut, and they are more sustained muscles contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| This occurs at the neuromuscular junction, where acetylcholine excites the muscles and leads to sliding of actin and myosin protein molecules. This sliding over eachother causes contractions and relaxations of muscles! |
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Term
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Definition
| The "outside part" protein in muscles. They bind with myosin and slide over on another, to cause contraction and relaxation at the neuromuscular junction when acetlycholine is exposed |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the "inside part" of the muscle contraction protein process. At the neuromuscluar Junction, when acetylcholine is present it activates the cells ion channels, leading to myosin and actin binding together and contracting the muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the part of the body where the nervous system and muscular system meet. More specifically, if acetlycholine is produced and exposed to muscles, it will cause the cells ion channels to change and lead to myosin and actin binding, which causes muscle contraction |
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Term
| Pyramidal Motor System and pathway |
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Definition
Controls all voluntary movement! It is direct and fast to its descending output (telling the body what to do).
Its pathway mirrors the SM Map, but backwards! (goes from motor cortex, down into thalamus VPN (posterior nucleus), down the dorsal spinal column to the body! This pathway contains very long axons, and crosses at the medulla! |
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Term
| Extra-Pyramidal Motor System |
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Definition
| This is an involuntary "stabilizing" system that takes in feedback from the cerebellum and basal ganglia from the body (and other parts), which projects this body feedback to the motor cortex to move accordingly! It is the bodies middle man for its next movement |
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Term
| Extra-Pyramidal Motor Pathway |
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Definition
First the SM pathway is established by having the body get sensory input, to the VPN, to the SM, to the motor system. Then the body gets proprioceptive feedback from this movement from the basal ganglia and cerebellum, which projects this to the VAN in the thalamus, which tells the motor system to adjust!
ALSO, vestibular input through PLN to the audiotory cotex and cerebellum to motor is another way it adjusts
Audiotry and visual orientation are done through the MGN and LGN to A1 and V1, and the nback to the motor stimulus,
All in all it is the bodies way of making movement adjustments |
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Definition
| This is the sensory feedback we get (part of the touch system) regarding muscle status and posture. This is projected to the cerebellum and basal ganglia, which project this feedback of how the motion is going to the VAN Thalamic nuclues, which projects back to the motor cortex. It is the process of making motor adjustments |
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Definition
| Specific motor impulses generated withing the spinal horn stimuli, AKA impulses that dont even pass up to the brain! They are used for our survival |
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Definition
| AKA amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and lou gehrigs disease. It is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord! (AKA A motor disease caused by degenerating neurons in CNS) |
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Definition
Physically altered by a specific stimulus that translates this physical external energy into a neural signal via ion flow!
Either through
-specialize neurons (SM system)
-Photo receptors (Vision)
-Hair Cells (Hearing and smell) |
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Term
| Graded Potential Sensory Receptors |
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Definition
These senses have graded potentials that over multiple activations and depolarization cause AP to fire representing neural messaging of the external stimulus
Smell Via Olfactory hair cell
Sound via Cochlear hair cell
Vision Via Photoreceptor and Bipolar cell |
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Term
| Non graded sensory action potentials |
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Definition
| In touch, and prioprioepctive (feedback) receptors, they are part of the neurons themselves! So activation is instant action potential in the touch sense |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a major way station to the Cortex! IN Touch, it receives input from the spinal column and medulla and it goes to the VPN in the thalamus, which goes to the cortex. The MGN nucleus in the thalamus projects auditory info, the LGN or visual nucleus projects visual info. Motor feedback pathways use the VAN Nucleus in the thalamus to project back to the motor cortex! The only sense that DOES NOT use a thalamus nucleus is smell, which goes from the olfactory bulb right to the amygdala and hippocampus |
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Term
| Sensory Pathway and its corresponding Thalamus Nucleus |
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Definition
SM - VPN
Auditory - MGN
Visual - LGN
Motor (feedback) - VAN
Taste - also uses VPN
Smell - none (uses olfactory bulb) |
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Term
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Definition
| In sensory info perception, all info crosses the midline of the brain at somepoint. This is part of the brain/ bodies contralaterality. WHERE is crosses depends on the sensory pathway. In regular touch reception, it crosses right before entering the thalamus in the brain. But with pain, it crosses right after entry into the spinal cord! |
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Definition
| The idea that there is a 1-1 mapping between sensory input and brain response. This is most like the SM system. Although it is not perfectly 1-1 in that some touch receptors are more represented, each part of the body has a different section of the SM cortex |
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Definition
| This is the idea has to do with the sense of sound. The basilar membrane in the cochlea is organized tonotpically, or that different parts of it prefer different frequencies. The apex or tip preferes low frequencies, and as you go down the membrane the base prefers higher ones. This idea of spreading out the high to low in order in tonotopic organization |
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Definition
| This type of organization is the idea that different areas at of the area prefer different visual stimuli, color, and movement. It is organized in that a different section of the retina will be more likely to fire if given the preferred color/ movement in its visual field |
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