Term
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Definition
| located in the medulla. not protected by the blood brain barrier. induces vomiting in response to toxins |
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Definition
| carry signals from CNS to skeletal muscles and sensory nueorns bring in information from sensory organs to CNS |
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Definition
| regulates body's general activity level; controls smooth muscles, heart glands etc. |
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Definition
| speeds up bodily processes such as heart beat, respiration, blood pressure, sweat glands. passes through sympathetic glanglion chain (in the middle of the spinal cord) |
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Definition
| slows bodily processes back down. originates from ends of spinal cord |
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Term
| 5 Stages of NS Development |
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Definition
1) Proliferation- neurons divide and multiply 2) Migration- Neurons migrate to final location by climbing radial glial cells 3) Circut Formation- Neurons send developing axons to make synapses w/ their target cells 4) Circut Pruning- Extra neurons that have developed die. eliminates large numbers of extra synapses; refines the organization 5) Plasticity- ability of synapses to be modified by experience/learning; decreases w/ age
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Term
| Opiates and How They Work |
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Definition
| opium, morphine, heroin, codeine. they bind to opiate receptors and act as agonists of endorphins (natural painkillers) |
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Term
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Definition
| alcohol, barbituarates, benzondianzepines |
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Term
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Definition
| acts as an antagonist of glutamate (excitatory transmitter). acts as agonist of GABA by binding to GABAA receptors which facilitates opening of Cl channels. smaller effects on seratonin and endorphins |
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Term
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Definition
| acts as antagonist of glutamate. acts as agonist of GABA and can even open Cl channels without the presence of GABA. (benzodiazepines are safer because they cannot open the Cl channels on their own |
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Term
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Definition
| cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks the reuptake of seratonin and dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| act as agonists of dopamine and norepinephrine by increasing their release in the synaptic cleft |
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Term
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Definition
| acts as an agonist of acetylcholine |
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Term
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Definition
| acts as an agonist of dopamine and acetylcholine by increasing their release in the synaptic cleft |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| they act as agonists for dopamine and seratonin |
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Term
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Definition
| THC acts as an agonist of anandaminde and z-AG by binding to cannabinoid receptors. these NTs play roles in regulation of mood, memory, appetite and pain perception |
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Term
| PeriVentricular/PeriAqueductal Regions |
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Definition
| regions implicated in withdrawal symptoms |
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Term
| Mesolimbocortical Dopamine System |
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Definition
| includes Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), Media Forebrain Bundle (MFB), and Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc). it is the system that is implicated in reward and addiction. the dopamine receptors in the NAcc is responsible for the rewarding effects of drugs |
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Term
| Reward Deficiency Syndrome |
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Definition
| apparent paradox that drug users have a lower number of dopamine receptors. this could be an innate trait that causes the user to get into drugs in the first place |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the pre-optic area of the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| water content decreases inside cells because it is drawn out by a higher concentration of NaCl outside |
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Term
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Definition
| blood volume decreases due to loss of extracellular water |
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Term
| Structures Involved Osmotic Thirst |
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Definition
| regulated by the OVLT which sends a signal to the MPON (median preoptic nucleus) in the hypothalamus |
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Term
| Structures Involved in Hypovolemic Thirst |
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Definition
| baroreceptors in the heart send signals to the NST (nucleus of the solitary tract) in the medulla which then alerts the MPON (median preoptic nucleus) in the hypothalamus OR renin and angiotensin II in the kidneys activate the SFO (subfornical organ) and then the MPON |
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Term
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Definition
| sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami |
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Term
| Structures Involved in Taste |
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Definition
| taste buds send information to the NST (nucleus of the solitary tract) in the medulla. taste does not go through the thalamus like other senses but goes right to the insula |
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Term
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Definition
| the more of a specific food a person eats the less appealing the food becomes. controlled in the NST (nucleus of the solitary tract) |
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Term
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Definition
| the avoidance of foods associated with illness or poor nutrition |
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Term
| Learned Taste Preferences |
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Definition
| preference for flavors of foods that contain important nutrients |
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Term
| Absorptive Phase of Eating |
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Definition
| glucose increases, parasympathetic branch is activated, pancreas secretes insulin |
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Term
| Role of Insulin in Absorptive Phase of Eating |
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Definition
| helps glucose enter body cells, stores glucose as glycogen, stores fat in adipose cells as triglycerides |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose decreases, sympathetic activation, pancreas secretes glucogon-transforms glycogen back to glucose, releases stored fats |
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Term
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Definition
| low glucose and fatty acid levels signaled via vagus nerve to the NST (nucleus of the solitary tract) and the AP (area postrema) in the medulla. from there info is relayed to the AN (arculate nucleus), PVN (paraventricular nucleus) and LH (lateral hypothalamus) which causes an increase in the release of neuropeptide Y, OR ghrelin in the stomach affects AN |
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Term
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Definition
1) stretch receptors in stomach signal via vagus nerve to NST and AP which results in decrease of neuropeptide Y in PVN and LH (signaled by AN) 2) CCK-peptide hormone released when food passes through the duodenum-->vagus nerve-->NST--> decrease in neuropeptide Y in PVN and LH 3) Peptide YY-intestine secreted hormone reaches AN through bloodstream, causes decrease in npY 4) high levels of nutrients in blood detected by the liver relayed to vagus nerve to NST to AN, decreases npY |
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