developed doctrine of phrenology

person

first person to study functions of major sections of brain - done using ablation, removing parts of brains, mostly on pidgeons

person

wrote article criticizing the concept of the reflex arc

person

examined behavioral deficits of people with brain damage - first to demonstrate that specific functional impairments could be linked with specific brain lesions

person

person who was injured by iron rod, with explosive charge through front of skull - changed his personality, though didn't harm him physically

person

each sensory nerve is excited by only one kind of energy (e.g., light or air vibrations) and brain interprets any stimulation of that nerve as being that kind of energy

term/person

first to measure the speed of a nerve impulse

person

first inferred the existence of synapses

person

transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

term

transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles

term

found between other neurons - most numerous, located predominantly in brain and spinal cord, linked to reflexive behavior

term

behavior controlled by neural circuits, transmitted by interneurons in spinal cord

term

composed of the brain and spinal cord

term

made up of nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord

term

consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin and muscles - part of the peripheral nervous system

term

the fibers through which sensory neurons transmit info

term

fibers through which motor impulses are transmitted

term

did pioneering work on the ANS

person

generally regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions - manages involuntary muscles - regulates body temperature with sweating/shivering

term

acts to accelerate heartbeat and inhibit digestion - activated in stressful situations - associated with fear and rage reactions - increases blood sugar level and respiration - part of ANS

term

role is to conserve energy - associated with resting and sleep states, reduces heart and respiration rates, and increases digestion - resting and digesting - part of ANS

term

neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic responses

term

located where brain meets spinal cord - controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, and general arousal processes such as sleeping and waking - basically, vital functioning necessary for survival

term

manages sensorimotor reflexes and also promote survival - receives sensory and motor information

term

associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes - associated with emotion and memory - has greatest influence on human behavior

term

formed by hindbrain and midbrain together

term

group of neural structures primarily associated with emotion and memory

term

outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres - associated with everything from language processing to problem solving, from impulse control to long term planning

term

term for evolutionary development in humans

term

refined motor movements/posture - at top of hindbrain

term

vital functioning like breathing and digestion - part of hindbrain

term

arousal, attention, and alterness - extends from hindbrain into midbrain, composed of intricate network of nerve fibers

term

lies above medulla and contains sensory and motor tracts between the cortex and the medulla

term

sensorimotor reflexes - in midbrain

term

serves homeostatic functions (metabolism, temp, water balance), key player in emotional experience during high arousal states - feeding, fighting, fleeing, fucking - forebrain

term

developed conceptualization of homeostasis

person

hunger center - lesions lead to aphagia (lacking hunger)

term

satiety center - lesions lead to hyperphagia (very hungry)

term

sexual activity - lesions lead to asexuality

term

serves as important relay station for incoming sensory information, including all senses except smell - in forebrain

term

coordinates muscle movement as it receives info from cortex and relays it to brain and spinal cord (using extrapyramidal motor system) - makes movement smooth and posture steady - associated with Parkinson's disease - in forebrain

term

fluid-filled cavities in middle of brain, link up with spinal canal - filled with cerebrospinal fluid - if enlarged, associated with schizophrenia

term

comprises group of interconnected structures looping around the central portion of the brain; associated with emotion and memory - lies in cerebral hemispheres - part of forebrain

system

one of the primary pleasure centers - mild stimulation of this area is intensely pleasurable and sexually arousing - also inhibits aggression

term/system

demonstrated with rats and stimulation of septal regions is intensely pleasurable

people

when damaged, aggression and fear are reduced, sexuality is increased

term/system

changes in animals that result from bilateral removal of amygdala leading to defensive/aggressive behavior

term

plays vital role in learning and memory processes - lesions produce anterograde amnesia (no new long-term memories)

term/system

described H.M.'s memory problems from having hippocampus removed

person

most recent brain region to evolve - has numerous bumps and folds called convolutions which provide increased cellular mass - part of forebrain

term

frontal

parietal

occipital

temporal

serves an executive function in which it supervises and directs operations of other brain regions, including perception, memory, emotion, impulse control, long-term planning

term/area

area that combines input from diverse brain regions

term

receive incoming sensory information or send out motor-impulse commands

term

initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down spinal cord towards muscles - neurons here are arranged systematically according to parts of body to which they're connected - parts requiring most motor control take up most space

term/area

vitally important for speech production - usually found only in dominant hemisphere

term/area

involved in somatosensory information processing - destination for all incoming sensory signals for touch, pressure, temp, and pain

term/area

motor cortex and somatosensory cortex together

term

central region is associated with spatial processing and manipulation

term

another name for visual cortex

term/area

associated with language reception/comprehension

term/area

serves in memory processing, emotional control, and language - also, auditory cortex here - includes hippocampus

area

when one side of brain communicates with opposite side of body

term

when cerebral hemispheres communicate with same side of body such as in smell

term

letter/word perception

language-related sounds

speech/reading/writing/math

complex voluntary movement

dominant hemisphere controls:

examples

visual

auditory

language

movement

spatial

faces

music

emotions

geomatry

sense of direction

intuition/creativity

non-dominant hemisphere controls:

examples

visual

auditory

language

movement

spatial

studied effects of severing corpus callosum by studying epileptic patients who had it severed to stop seizures - split brain

people

large collection of fibers connecting and allowing sharing of info between hemispheres - if severed, hemispheres are not accessible to each other

term

cell body - contains nucleus of cell

term

branch out from cell body to receive incoming info from other neurons via postsynaptic receptors - external stimulation leads neuron to fire - change shape throughout lifetime, never myelinated

term

branches out into numerous terminal buttons, each containing sacs filled with neurotransmitters - remain the same through aging, usually myelinated

term

insulate axons in myelin sheath - increases velocity of impulse

term

slight electrical charge (negative) stored inside neuron's cell membrane, waiting to be transformed into nerve impulse

term

thin layer of fatty molecules that separates inside of neuron from outside - semipermeable

term

electrically charged particles - small ones can pass through cell membrane, big ones can't - at resting, more positive ones outside neuron and negative ones inside

term

sodium ions move from outside cell membrane to inside, and potassium moves from inside out - but cell membrane actively pumps sodium back out and keeps potassium in, which maintains resting state

term

when stimulus causes membrane's potential to increase to threshold potential, from -70mV to -50mV - actual firing of the neuron

term

rapid electrical impulse produced by membrane, caused when cell membrane's charge suddenly becomes positive by the membrane letting sodium ions in suddenly - absolute refractory period

term

cell membrane quickly switches back to negative charge by suddenly allowing positively charged potassium ions to exit cell

term

when membrane briefly overshoots its original negative charge from the resting potential - now it is more negative than during resting potential, and cell membrane is again resistant to inflow of positive ions - relative refractory period

term

small elevation on neuron where action potential originates - where axon meets cell body

term

efficient conduction along myelinated axon

term

gaps on myelin sheath, where depolarization actually occurs

term

tiny sacks that store neurotransmitters

term

process in which transmitter fits and attaches itself to receptor site

term

used to transmit nerve impulses to muscles in parasympathetic nervous system - lack is linked to Alzheimer's

term

involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness, also implicated in mood disorders

term

plays important role in movement and posture - high concentrations found in basal ganglia - implicated in scizophrenia and parkinson's

term

loosely classified as monoamine - involved in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and arousal

term

produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials - thought to stabilize neural activity in brain by causing hyperpolarization

term

two or more amino acids joined together - act similarly to neurotransmitters, but relatively slow and have longer effects - includes endorphins and enkephalins

term

drugs that facilitate and enhance action of GABA

two classes

thought to reduce depression by facillitating transmission of norepinephrine or seratonin at synapse by blocking reuptake

drug class

inhibits enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine and seratonin

drug class

controls release of pituitary hormones

term

often called master gland - triggers hormone secretion in many other endocrine glands

term

affects metabolism rate; growth and development

term

produces adrenaline which increases sugar output of liver; also increases heart rate

term

estrogen stimulates female sex charecteristics; progesterone prepares uterus for implantation of embryo

gland

testosterone produces male sex characteristics; relevant to sexual arousal

term

maturation of male genitalia; production of sperm, growth of facial and public hair

hormone

maturation of female genitalia; growth of breasts; growth of uterine lining

hormone

maintenance of uterine lining

hormone

include follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (controls ovulation)

hormone class

localized brain damage or brain surgery used to study functions of specific brain areas

two terms

used to locate brain areas when implanting electrodes in order to make lesions; or to stimulate/record nerve cell activity

term

used to study activity of individual nerve cells

term

disturbs ability to produce language

term

disturbs ability to understand language

term

disturbs memory for events after injury occurs

term

disturbs memory for events before brain injury occurs

term

disturbs visual recognition

term

disturbs tactile recognition

term

person is awake and alert

sleep waves

person is awake, but relaxed and with eyes closed - slower EEG activity

sleep waves

person is lightly sleeping; EEG activity shows "sleep spindles" and K complexes appear

stage/waves

person is more deeply asleep; progressively slower EEG and steeper 'sleep spindles'

stage/waves

person is in deepest sleep; slowest EEG and steepest 'sleep spindles,' relaxed muscle tone, decreased respiration/heart rate

stage/waves

fast but irregular EEG activity, similar to alpha waves; relaxed muscle tone; associated with dreaming

term

argued that we recognize emotions based on how body reacts - we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, etc.

term

argued that emotions reflect physiological arousal of autonomic nervous system and specific neural circuits in brain

term

argued that unspecified physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending on mental response to environmental stimulation

term