Term
|
Definition
| the limits of performance in a healthy individual or the functional capabilities of the patient with heart disease |
|
|
Term
| what is the magnitude of adaptations to execs dependent on? |
|
Definition
age
gender
body size
fitness
type of exercise
presence/absence of heart disease |
|
|
Term
| what do the adjustments made by the cardiovascular system ensure? |
|
Definition
active muscles receive blood supply appropriate to their metabolic needs
heat generated by the muscles is dissipated
blood supply to the brain and heart is maintained |
|
|
Term
define cardiac output.
what does it govern? |
|
Definition
the product of heart rate and stroke volume
the principle factor in governing the delivery and use of oxygen by the working tissues |
|
|
Term
| what is the measure of the capacity of the body to deliver and use oxygen? |
|
Definition
| maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) |
|
|
Term
| what is the Fick Principle? |
|
Definition
| VO2max = maximal cardiac output X maximal ateriovenous oxygen difference |
|
|
Term
| T/F oxygen uptake increases linearly with increasing work. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is Vi and Ve the same? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for VO2max in terms of ventilation? |
|
Definition
| VO2max = Ve X (FiO2 - FeO2) |
|
|
Term
| what are central adaptations in response to exercise? |
|
Definition
heart rate
stroke volume
filling pressure
ventricular compliance
after-load
ventricular volume response |
|
|
Term
| what is the first central adaptation made to exercise? |
|
Definition
| increase in HR due to the sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| T/F stroke volume is responsible for most of they increase in cardiac output during exercise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what factors influence heart rate? |
|
Definition
age
type of activity
fitness
body position
presence of heart disease
medications
blood volume
environment |
|
|
Term
| what percent decline in maximal heart occurs with agE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is reduced after training due to enhanced parasympathetic tone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is stroke volume equal to? |
|
Definition
| the difference between End-Diastolic Volume and End-Systolic Volume |
|
|
Term
| what happens to stroke volume when you increase End-Diastolic Volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does stroke volume increase to? |
|
Definition
| 50-60% of maximal capacity |
|
|
Term
| in addition to heart rate, End-Diastolic Volume is determined by what two other factors? |
|
Definition
filling pressure
ventricular compliance |
|
|
Term
| what is the most important determinant of ventricular filling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the Frank-Starling Mechanism. |
|
Definition
dictates that all blood returned to the heart will be ejected during systole
blood going to the heart must equal blood leaving the heart |
|
|
Term
| what factors affect venous pressure? |
|
Definition
blood volume
body position
pumping action of the respiratory and skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
T/F stroke volume generally does not increase from rest to maximal exercise in the supine position.
why or why not? |
|
Definition
true
because preload is already close to maximal in the supine position |
|
|
Term
define compliance.
what is the equation? |
|
Definition
a measure of the capacity of the ventricle to stretch in response to a given volume of blood
deltaVolume / deltaPressure |
|
|
Term
| End-Systolic Pressure is a function of what two factors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
define contractility.
what does it do to end-systolic volume? resulting in? |
|
Definition
the force of the heart's contraction.
reduces it, resulting in a greater stroke volume -> greater cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| define ejection fraction. |
|
Definition
the percentage of blood ejected from the ventricle during systole
(percent of blood pumped in each beat) |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common measure of heart function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the force resisting the ejection of blood by the heart |
|
|
Term
| what does increased after-load result in? |
|
Definition
| a reduced ejection fraction and increases in end-diasolic and end-systolic volumes |
|
|
Term
| what is reduced during dynamic exercise by vasodilation? |
|
Definition
| total peripheral resistance |
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for ejection fraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F ejection fraction is a good indicator of aerobic fitness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does ventricular volume reposes depend on? |
|
Definition
presence and type of disease
method of measurement
type of exercise
exercise intensity |
|
|
Term
| the partial pressure of arterial oxygen is dependent on what three factors? |
|
Definition
alveolar ventilation
pulmonary diffusion capacity
hemoglobin content |
|
|
Term
| T/F in the absence of pulmonary disease, arterial oxygen content and saturation generally remain similar to resting values throughout exercise, even at very high levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what conditions of the lungs would shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left that also reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood are? |
|
Definition
2,3 diphosphoglycerate
PCO2
temperature |
|
|
Term
| how much does systemic vascular resistance decrease during exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a reduction in local vascular resistance during exercise facilitate? |
|
Definition
| greater skeletal muscle blood flow |
|
|
Term
| T/F more than 85% total cardiac output may be redistributed to the skeletal muscle at high levels of exercise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body temperature and pressure saturated |
|
|
Term
| in order for the skeletal muscle to consume oxygen what three factors must occur? |
|
Definition
blood muscle be deliver to the lungs by the heart
ventilation must match cardiac output in the lungs
efficient gas exchange must occur |
|
|
Term
| how much does minute ventilation increase during exercise? |
|
Definition
| from 8-12 L/min to 150 L/min in fit individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of air inhaled or exhaled |
|
|
Term
why does blood flow through pulmonary capillaries slow down during exercise?
how much slower is it compared to rest? |
|
Definition
to allow for more gas exchange
1/2 as slow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what factors affect the response to exercise? |
|
Definition
exercise mode
exercise protocol
body position
static vs dynamic exercise
duration |
|
|
Term
| when exercise is performed on a treadmill compared to a cycle ergometer what is the precent increase in VO2max? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when using smaller muscle mass compares to leg works leads to higher what? |
|
Definition
blood pressure
heart rates
ventricular wall stress
myocardial oxygen demand |
|
|
Term
| what can change with varying exercise protocols? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of protocols permit a more accurate estimate of exercise capacity, reliable for studying effects of therapy and more sensitive to detecting heart disease? |
|
Definition
| gradual, equally incremented/ ramping protocols |
|
|
Term
| T/F stroke volume is near maximal in the upright position. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define dynamic (isotonic) exercise. |
|
Definition
| which movement through some range of motion occurs agains gravity or the resistance of water |
|
|
Term
| define static (isometric) exercise. |
|
Definition
| there is sustained muscle tension but no skeletal muscle movement and muscle length remains constant |
|
|
Term
| T/F isotonic exercise is more stressful on the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the statement: "although left ventricular contractility increases, increases in stroke volume may be minimal." |
|
Definition
| because the muscle are contracting so hard, there is virtually no blood flow through the muscles |
|
|
Term
| define cardiovascular drift. |
|
Definition
| the increase in heart rate counteracts the reduction in SV to maintain cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| progressive reduction in stroke volume during prolonged exercise is contributed to? |
|
Definition
| increased core temperature which results in a relative vasoconstriction in active skeletal muscle and a displacement of blood volume to cutaneous blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| what is a major factor limiting prolonged exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what factors influence maximal exercise capacity? |
|
Definition
cardiopulmonary disease
age
gender
genetics
physical training
environment |
|
|
Term
| abnormalities in the exchange of oxygen and CO2 in the lungs can be caused by what? |
|
Definition
reduced surface area for enhance
poor lung compliance
chronic obstruction to air flow
abnormal pulmonary mechanics
abnormal pulmonary muscle function |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary abnormalities can lead to what? |
|
Definition
metabolic acidosis
breathlessness |
|
|
Term
| what percentage does VO2max decline each year with age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F declines in VO2 max with age are inevitable. |
|
Definition
false
one's habitual physical activity level is a more important determinant of VO2max than age |
|
|
Term
| how much lower are women's VO2 maxes compared to men? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| differences in VO2max from women to men are attributed to what? |
|
Definition
greater fat to lean muscle mass ratio
smaller muscle mass
smaller cardiac output
smaller respiratory capacity
lower hemoglobin levels |
|
|
Term
| T/F in twin studies it was shown that heredity explained 93% of the observed differences in aerobic capacity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the general increases in VO2 max with training? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the degree of change in VO2max is primarily dependent on initial state fitness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the best measure of the limits of the cardiopulmonary system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when exercising in heat what is happening to cardiac output? |
|
Definition
provide blood to the muscles,
and
dissipate heat generated by metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what appears to take precedence over temperature regulation when exercising in hot climates? |
|
Definition
| mean arterial pressure and muscle blood flow |
|
|
Term
| in extreme cases what can reductions in plasma volume lead to? |
|
Definition
circulatory failure
increases in core temperature |
|
|
Term
| what are some adaptations to exercising in hot climates? |
|
Definition
increases in blood volume
better core temperature regulation
profuse sweating
better skin vasodilatory capacity |
|
|
Term
| T/F when exercising in cold temperatures the blood is shunted front the skin to the body core. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is there a greater oxygen cost in cold temperature? |
|
Definition
| due to shivering to counteract heat loss |
|
|
Term
| what does exercising at altitude cause? |
|
Definition
| reduction in barometric pressure, which decreases the partial pressure of oxygen |
|
|
Term
what are the physiological effects of sub maximal exercise at altitudes?
maximal exercise? |
|
Definition
submaximal:
increased ventilation
increased cardiac output
increased heart rate
VO2 and stroke volume are similar
maximal:
oxygen uptake and heart rate are reduced |
|
|
Term
| what does hyperventilation cause? |
|
Definition
| a drop in PCO2, which facilitates oxygen binding to hemoglobin in he pulmonary capillaries |
|
|
Term
| acclimatization to altitude includes? |
|
Definition
polycythemia
increase in hemocrit
increase in 2,3diphosphoglycerate
increases in skeletal muscle capillary number, increase in mitochondria, oxidative enzymes and myoglobin |
|
|
Term
| what is the main adaptation that seek when training at high altitudes? |
|
Definition
| increases in skeletal muscle capillary number, increase in mitochondria, oxidative enzymes and myoglobin |
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