Term
afferent-efferent pathway
-which is motor which is sensory?
-what depends on this?--what 2 things exactly does it depend on? |
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Definition
afferent: sensory
efferent: motor
-speed of a motor response to an environmental stimulus depends on this
-depends on length of the pathway & num. of synapses found in it. |
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Term
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Definition
| a motor response that uses a small number of neurons & synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| pathway from receptor to effector |
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Term
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Definition
| causes skeletal muscle contraction |
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Term
| visceral (autonomic) reflex |
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Definition
| causes a reponse in cardiac/smooth muscle or glands |
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Term
| 5 components of the reflex arc: |
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Definition
1. sensory receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. motor neuron
4. integrating center
5. effector |
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Term
1. sensory receptor--
2. sensory neuron--
3. motor neuron--
4. integrating center--
5. effector-- |
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Definition
1. detects stimulus
2. carries action potential if sensory stimulus is strong enough
3. carries the action potential (nerve impulse) from CNS
4.gray matter in CNS (brain for cranial & spinal reflex & spinal cord)
5. performs response required by the CNS |
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Term
what would the shortest reflex involve?
-what type is this? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a reflex arc consists of only one sensory neuron and one motor neuron
-the shortest reflex (2 neurons; 1 synapse)
-presence of a single chemical synapse
-e.g. muscle stretch reflexes |
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Term
| Where does sensory information enter a ____ nerve? and what does it synapse with? |
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Definition
| sensory information enters the dorsal root of a peripheral nerve & synapses with an alpha motoneuron. |
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Term
| motor information leave via _____ root of the _____ nerve |
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Definition
| motor info leave via the ventral root of the peripheral nerve |
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Term
polysynaptic reflexes
how does this affect time? |
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Definition
involves 3 or more neurons (2 or more synapses)
-time btwn stimulus & response is increased |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What may happen in more complex reflexes?
-crosses what/may be carried up/down what? |
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Definition
may cross spinal gray matter
-may be carried up/down spinal cord |
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Term
what does ipsilateral mean?
contralateral? |
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Definition
same side:
-reflex response can include muscles on same side as stimulus
opposite side:
-reflex response may include muscles on opposite side |
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Term
| crossed-extensor reflex is what? |
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Definition
| an example of reflex response that uses ipsilateral muscles & contralateral muscles |
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Term
| bilateral or consensual reflexes are what? |
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Definition
| Reflexes that involves both sides of the body at the same time. |
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Term
| how is stretching in muscles detected? |
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Definition
| by stretch receptors in muscle spindles (muscle spindle apparatus) |
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Term
| muscle spindles consist of fibers called what? and what are these fibers? |
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Definition
-intrafusal fibers--fibers that are thinner than normal
OR
-extrafusal fibers |
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Term
| when stretch receptors are stimulated what happens? (2 things) |
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Definition
| the muscle contracts & the antagonistic muscle relaxes |
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Term
| what is reciprocal innervation? |
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Definition
| contraction of a muscle is accompanied by simultaneous inhibition of an antagonistic muscle |
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Term
How is a plantar reflex elicited?
-what is a normal response?
-what response shows damage to ___? |
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Definition
by stimulating the skin receptors in the foot
-plantar flexion of the toes
-dorsiflexion/flaring of toes --> damage to pyramidal tracts from cerebral cortex |
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Term
| What does a normal reaction require? |
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Definition
| uninterrupted flow of information along pyramidal tracts |
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Term
pyramidal tracts
what is an abnormal reaction called? |
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Definition
descend from primary motor cortex
-Babinski's Sign |
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Term
Is Babinski's sign normal or abnormal in adults?
In infants? |
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Definition
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Term
What nerve is tested in the following reflexes?
1-Achilles Reflex
2-Biceps Reflex
3-Patellar Reflex
4-Triceps Reflex |
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Definition
1- medial popliteal
2- musulacutaneous
3- femoral nerve
4- radial |
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Term
Autonomic or Somatic?/ Spinal or Cranial?
1-plantar flexion of foot when achilles tendon is stretched
2-salivation because of lemon juice on tongue
3-blinking after cornea is touched
4-flexing arm after touching hot object |
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Definition
1-somatic/ spinal
2-autonomic / cranial
3-somatic/ cranial
4- somatic/ spinal |
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Term
afferent neurons are:
efferent neurons are: |
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Definition
afferent: sensory
efferent: motor |
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Term
stretch receptors in muscles called:
...they contain special ____ fibers: |
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Definition
called: muscle spindles
contain: intrafusal/extrafusal fibers |
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Term
ventral root contains what kind of neurons
dorsal root contains what kind of neurons |
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Definition
ventral roots of spinal nerve: motor
dorsal roots: sensory neurons |
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Term
| patellar reflex tests.... |
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Definition
| ascendind/descending spinal cord tracts |
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Term
| in a monosynaptic reflex the sensory neuron synapses on...what? |
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Definition
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Term
| triceps contracts and bicep relaxes, this is called: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
tests: femoral nerve
sit with legs hanging freely
-strike patellar tendon with tapered end of reflex hammer below patella
hands clasped in front of chest pulling isometrically (Decreased sensitivity) |
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Term
Ankle jerk reflex
medial popliteal nerve is a branch of what? |
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Definition
tests: medial popliteal nerve
subject kneels on chair with feet off edge
-hit achilles tendon (Watch for plantar movement) |
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Term
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Definition
Tests musculocutaneous nerve
subjects arm should be relaxed and extended on desk
press biceps tendon in antecubital fossa w/ thumb and strike thumb
clenching teeth (Decreases twitch response) |
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Term
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Definition
Tests radial nerve
subjects lie on their back with arm across abdomen
-strike triceps above elbow |
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