Term
|
Definition
myelinated
motor neuron to skeletal muscle
sensory from proprioceptors in muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs |
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Term
|
Definition
myelinated
sensory afferents from pain (sharp) and temperature (cold)
does some touch |
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Term
|
Definition
myelinated
sensory from mechanoreceptor of skin: touch and pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
muscarinic --> G-beta/gamma --> hyperpolarize --> decrease HR
muscarinic --> G-alpha --> dec. adenyl cyclase --> decrease VGCa and If --> decrease HR |
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|
Term
| Alpha motor neuron nucleus |
|
Definition
Located in ventral horn of SC
Innervate and control extrafusal fibers of skeletal muscles |
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Term
| Anterior corticospinal tract |
|
Definition
A descending tract, part of ant. faniculus
Contralateral fine movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| Section of spinal cord between anterior median fissure and most lateral of anterior nerve roots |
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Term
| Anterior spinothalamic tract |
|
Definition
Ascending tract, part of anterior faniculus
Contralateral crude touch/pressure
1* neuron: periphery to SC
2* neuron: thru SC to thalamus (cross at white ventral commisure)
3* neuron: thalamus to cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
Found in CNS and ganglia
Store glycogen
Absorb and recycle K+ amd NTs
Initiate formation of BBB
Proliferate to form scar tissue
Most common cell for 1* brain tumor |
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Term
|
Definition
thin myelinated
motor preganglionic neurons of autonomic system |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells
Formation initiated by factors secreted from astrocytes |
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|
Term
| Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier |
|
Definition
| Formed by toght junctions between ependymal cells in choroid plexus |
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Term
|
Definition
produces mucus containing GAGs, antibodies, OBP, enzymes and salts
replace mucus every 10 minutes
why we can only sense water soluble odorants |
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Term
|
Definition
unmyelinated
sensory afferents from pain (dull), temperature and itch receptors |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Controls fine movement
Imprtant for learning motor skills and adjusting postural muscles |
|
|
Term
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease |
|
Definition
demyelinated neuropathy of PNS
multiple genetic causes |
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Term
|
Definition
Located in dorsal horn of SC
Only in C7-L3
Gathers info from muscle spindles and tendon organs
Provides unconscious proprioception
Gives info to cerebellum |
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Term
|
Definition
1* neuron: cerebral cortex to medulla (cross at ducussationof pyramids) to vental horn
2* neuron: ventral horn to muscle |
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Term
| Dorsolateral tract of Lissauer |
|
Definition
Ipsilateral pain and temperature sensation ofnone segment below
1* axons travel up and down SC |
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Term
|
Definition
Found in CNS
Line ventricles in brain and central spinal cord
Special adapted ones make CSF |
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Term
|
Definition
Ascending tract in white dorsal column
Ipsilateral tactile discrimination anf position/vibration sensation from arm |
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|
Term
| Gamma motor neuron nucleus |
|
Definition
Located in ventral horn of SC
Innervated intrafusal fibers/muscle spindle |
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Term
|
Definition
| Group of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
sits between extrafusal muscle and its tendon
senses the force generated by the muscle and tension resulting in tendon
free nerve endings of Type Ib intrafusal nerve fiber is trapped within
used to signal antagonist muscle to activate and balance force distribution of muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neuron somas/dendrites and some axons inside brain and spinal cords |
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Term
|
Definition
Abnormally elevated production of CSF
May result in brain damage |
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Term
|
Definition
inwardly-rectifying K+ channel
constitutively open
P-loop determines channel's selectivity
major player in resetting membrane potential
usually outward flow of K+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
demyelination of PNS and CNS
genetic cause - deficient in lysosomal hydrolase |
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Term
|
Definition
found in lips and external genitalia
sense: touch
rapid adaptation |
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Term
|
Definition
autoimmune: antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channel
affects limb muscles causing dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| Landry-Gullain-Barre syndrome |
|
Definition
autoimmune disorder after infection
affects PNS and cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| Lateral corticospinal tract |
|
Definition
Descending tract in latetal funiculus
Ipsilateral fine movement control
Crosses in medulla (ipsilatetal to axons in SC, contralateral to fibets in cortex) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Section of spinal cord between exit of anterior nerve roots and posterior lateral sulcus |
|
|
Term
| Lateral spinothalamic tract |
|
Definition
Ascending tract, part of lateral funiculus
Contralateral pain and temperature sensation one segment below
1* neuron: periphery to SC
2* neuron: thru SC to thalamus
3* neuron: thalamus to sensoru postcentral gyrus of cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
Somatic motor neuron on which the upper motor neurin synapses; originate in ventral horn
Alpha and gamma subtypes |
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Term
|
Definition
large receptive fields
sense fast movments
gamma-insensitive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located in dorsal horn of SC
Receives input from A-delta fibers (sharp pain) and C-fibers (burning pain) with small receptive fields |
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Term
|
Definition
Ascending and descending tracts between spinal cord and brain
Cardiovascular nuclei (HR and BP control)
Respiratory nuclei (controls breathing)
Sensory and motor nuclei of CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII |
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|
Term
|
Definition
senses: light touch and low frequency vibration
rapidly adapts
small receptive field
high density in palm |
|
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Term
|
Definition
senses: steady pressure and indentation depth
slowly adapts |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Found in NS
Removes cell debris, wastes and pathogens by phagocytosis
Activated by high exttracellular ATP (ATP-sensitive receptor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contains ascending and descending tracts
Controls eye movement
Coordination of visual and auditory reflexes
Contains substantia nigra
Nuclei of CN II, IV |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Diverse group, dendrite tree size varies
Motor neuron in spinal cord, pyramidal neuron in hippocampus, and Perkinje cell in cerebellum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Group of axons outside the CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| Group of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
expresses ionotropic glutamate-activated receptor (iGluR)
send signals in response to high glutamate release from horizontal/photoreceptor cells (dark) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
express metabotropic glutamate-active GPCR and constitutively active TRPM1 cation channel
send signals in response to low glutamate release from horizontal/photoreceptor cells (light) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in CNS
Myelinate CNS axons, one cell --> many axons
Metabolic and structural support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small receptive fields and gamma-sensitive
red-green and blue-yellow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
senses: rapidly changing pressure and vibration
adapts very rapidly
large receptive field
constitutively open channels, further opened by stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contains fibers relaying info to and from cerebellum
Nuclei modifying respiratory rhythmicity
Nuclei of CN V, VI, VII, VIII |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1* neuron: peripheral thru SC to medulla
2* neuron: |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in dorsal root ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates scala vestibule and scala tympani |
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|
Term
|
Definition
senses: stretch and vibration
slowly adapts |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Found in PNS
Form path for new axon growth
Secrete nerve growth factor (NGF)
Wrap new axon in myelin, one cell --> portion of one axon |
|
|
Term
Spinocerebellar tracts
Anterior and posterior |
|
Definition
| Asecending tract, part of lateral funiculus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located in dorsal horn of SC
Receives A-delta and C-fibers (diffuse sharp and burning pain) with interneuron intermediate makes it diffuse sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located in midbrain
Parkinson's characterized by death of |
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|
Term
|
Definition
myelinated temperature sensors
cold-sensitve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
molecular thermometers
allow Na+ and Ca2+ into cell at specific T ranges
relays sensation of temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nuclei processing for most info going to cerebral cortex fromnother parts of CNS
Major relay center for sensory info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axon pathways inside the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Type II intrafusal nerve fiber |
|
Definition
expresses stretch-sensitive receptors
detects stretch |
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|
Term
| Type Ia intrafusal nerve fiber |
|
Definition
spiral-shaped, expresses stretch-sensitive receptors
detects stretch and rate of stretch |
|
|
Term
| Type Ib intrafusal nerve fiber |
|
Definition
nerve endings trapped in tendons in GTO
fire APs when squeezed by GTO during muscle contraction/stretch
expresses stretch-sensitive channels |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in developing brain, autonomic ganglia and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neurons in a tract that originate in motor cortex and synapse directory in somatic motor neuron
Decresed inhibitory effect --> exaggerated, faster reaction
Can also synapse on Renshaw cells or interneurons simultaneously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
voltage-gated outwardly-recitifying K+ channel
voltage-sensitive domain usually keeps channel closed
cell depolarization opens channel
allows efflux of K+
remains open throughout depolarization of cell then closes
distributed evenly along axon length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
voltage-gated sodium channels
usually closed
depolarization opens channel
allows influxe of Na+
inactivation gate closes the channel, very rapid, kinetics are T dependent
inhibition by TTX
lidocaine stabilizes inactivated state (local anesthesia)
density of channels varies (tons in axon hillocky, few in dendrites and soma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large receptive fields
gamma-sensitive (red-green and blue-yellow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axons (myelinated) inside brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
alpha1-adrenergic receptors
(smooth muscle) |
|
Definition
modulation cation channel activity
catecholamine --> GPCR activation --> subunits modulate ion channels --> opens ion channels --> depolarization --> contraction |
|
|
Term
alpha2-adrenergic receptors
(smooth muscle) |
|
Definition
| catecholamine --> increase activation of GPCR --> decrease PKA --> increase MLKC activity --> contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
intrafusal muscle fiber
senses dynamic of muscle stretch |
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Term
|
Definition
stiff structural element of cochlea
separates scala media and scala tympani
serves as base for hair cells
disperses incoming sound waves to separate frequencies spatially
narrower and stiff at base, compared to apex |
|
|
Term
beta-adrenergic receptors
(smooth muscle) |
|
Definition
| catecholamine --> increase GPCR activation --> increase PKA --> decrease MLCK activity --> relaxation |
|
|
Term
beta1-adrenergic receptors
(SA node) |
|
Definition
| catecholamine --> activates GPCR --> adenylyl cyclase --> [cAMP] --> increase PKA and If --> increases HR |
|
|
Term
beta1-adrenergic receptors
(cardiomyocytes) |
|
Definition
catecholamine --> activates GPCR --> increase [cAMP] --> PKA
PKA: increases VGCaC activity, increase SERCA uptake in to SR, increase RyR (CICR)
all to increase strength of contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intrafusal muscle fiber
senses static length of muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
act as postganglionic cell in adrenal medulla
release catecholamines into blood
blood stream then acts as postganglionic fiber for sympathetic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produces tetanus toxin
attacks Renshaw cells causing agonizing muscle spasms |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a-alpha - 120m/s
a-beta - 80m/s
a-delta - 12m/s
c-pain - <1m/s
c-tactile - <1m/s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disks are attached to outer membrane |
|
|
Term
| congenital insensitivity of pain |
|
Definition
autosomal recessive, channelopathy
sensation of touch is normal, proprioception is normal
VG-sodium type 1.7 only expressed in pain fairs and activity is totally lost |
|
|
Term
| congenital insensitivity of pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) |
|
Definition
tyrosine kinase domain mutation
results in insensitivyt to NGF, causing no axons to grow to skin during development
no sweating ability
20% die of overheating before 3 y/o |
|
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Term
|
Definition
red-green color blindness
exclusively males
unable to distinguish red from green |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increases length constant
decrease time constant
increase conduction velocity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gap junction formed by two connexon hemichannels
interact tightly without leaking
very fast, attenuates amplitude, bidirectional, low-pass filter, passage of large molecules
first structural link between differentiating neurons
synchronize APs in neuronal network (i.e. heart) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
located in scala media
high potassium content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
endogenous ligands
bind to opioid receptors
regulate nociception in body |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| postsynaptic potentials greatly increased when that impulse closely follows a prior impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
senses: temperature, chemical agents, and noxious stimuli (dull pain)
fast adaption to heat
slow adaption to pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of cone function
caused by congenital absence of cones
strongly impaired daylight vision and loss of color vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
integrating unit of retina
send signals to optic nerve
myelinated once they reach optic nerve (not while in retina) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| decrease or cease to response to stimulus after repeated signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
section of cochlea where scala tympani and scala vestibule meet
cochlear apex
hair cells near hear best detect low frequency sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibitory cells
coupled to rods by chemical synapse
coupled to cones by gap junction
express glutamate receptors (depolarize when dark/high glutamate)
depolarization --> GABA release
makes eye more sensitive to contrast and differences in intensity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
receive major of nerve fibers (90%)
each is innervated by like 10 afferent fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
determines how far depolarization spreads
(higher = farther)
farther = thicker or higher membrane resistance
less far = higher axoplasm resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| induced by minimal level of postsynaptic depolarization and simultaneous increase in intracellular calcium at postsynaptic neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in synaptic response following potentiating pulses of stimuli that sustains at a level above baseline for hours or longer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved primarily in K+ transport and line the endolymphatic space of scala media |
|
|
Term
| membrane proteins for membrane fusion of chemical synapse |
|
Definition
| syntaxin-1, SNAP25, Munc18, Munc13 |
|
|
Term
| metabotropic chemical synapse |
|
Definition
glutamate is NT
AMPA is ligand-gated Na+ channel
GluR1 is GPCR that activates TRPC3 a Na+ channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immune-mediated inflammatory disease that results in progressive loss of myelin sheath
affects CNS --> loss of motor control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
autoimmune: anti-AChR antibodies
results in decrease number of functional channels
progressive loss of muscles
Tx: pyridostigmine (AChE inhibitor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
continuously differentiating into bipolar neurons, replaced every 4-8 wks
passive spread of membrane potential
support cells |
|
|
Term
nerve-ganglion-target
(parasympathetic) |
|
Definition
CN III-ciliary-ciliary muscles
CN VII-pterygopalatine and submandibular-lacrimal, sinuses, mucsoa, salivary glands
CN IX-otic-parotid gland
CNX X-near to organ-heart, lung, liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, colon
pelvic splanchinic-near to organ-colon, kidney, urinary, reproductive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of function of rods
can be caused by Vitamin A deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
free nerve endings
A-delta fibers for sharp pain
C fibers for dull, burning pain
sensitized by histamine, substance P, CGRP and bradikinin
express P2x (ATP-sensitive) and ASIC (proton-senstive) channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
packed with sodium channels and no VG-K+ channels
salutatory conduction from node to node
no hyperpolarization phase seen in node APs |
|
|
Term
| olfactory bulb mitral cells |
|
Definition
receive info from olfactory receptor cells, axons transmit info to brain
excitatory from olfactory and tufted cells
inhibitory from granule an periglomerular cells |
|
|
Term
| olfactory bulb tufted cell |
|
Definition
receive input from olfactory receptors cells, send to brain
excitatory effects on mitral cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area of synapses between olfactory nerve axons and dendrites of mitral periglomerular and tufted cells
each is for a specific odor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibitory signaling to mitral cell
releases GABA |
|
|
Term
| olfactory periglomerular cells |
|
Definition
mediate lateral inhibition in olfactory bulb
inhibitory synapse on mitral and tufted cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bipolar nerve cells
each one expresses only one type of odorant receptors which line the dendrites/cilia of the cells
400 different types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of cochlea with hair cells
lots of auditory nerve receptors that each have their own hair cell
shear on hairs opens non-selective ion channels --> membrane depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
receive efferent input via olivocochlear fibers
depolarization causes prestin to reversibly contract
helps to fine-tune IHC hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
preganglionic releases ACh that is sensed by nicotinic receptor on postganglionic cell
postganglionic release ACh that is sensed by muscarinic receptor on target tissue |
|
|
Term
| periaqueductal gray-raphe nucleus system |
|
Definition
plays a role in modulation of pain and defensive behavior
located in midbrain
receives from ascending pain and temperature fibers of spinothalamic tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located in scala vestibule and scala tympani
comparable in content to plasma and CSF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infects and destroys motor neurons
leads to muscle weakness and paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
motor plasma membrane protein found only in outer hair cells
contracts when OHC stimulated by efferent nerves
contraction helps to fine-tune IHC hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
kinesin mediates active transport of vesicles to release site
constitutively releasing, changes rate of release in response to membrane potential change
NT = glutamate
capable of extremely fast, precise sustained tranmissions
seen in photoreceptor cells in retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disks are pinched off, "floating disks"
rhodopsin is part of light-sensing material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
endolymph filled cavity inside cochlea between scala tympani and scala vestibule
houses organ of Corti
positive potential of +80mV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
perilymph-filled
extends from round windo to helicotrema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
perilymph-filled
extends from oval window to helicotrema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synaptic fatigue
temporary inability to fire and transmit input signal
due to constant and persistent stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increased frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials with no effect on amplitude in spontaneous postsynaptic potential
due to continuous stimuli at high frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important for motor coordination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long protrusions from apical surface of hair cell into scala media
mechanosensing organells of hair cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
upper portion of the outer wall of scala media
contains numerous capillary loops
produces endolymph for scala media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pregang releases ACh that is sensed by nicotinic receptor
postgang relases (nor)epinephrine that is sensed by alpha or beta-adrenergic receptors on target tissue
*except sweat glands, postgang release ACh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
foliate papillae - glossopharyngeal
circumvallate papillae - glossopharyngeal
fungiform papillae - facial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rests on stereovilli of hair cells
limbal zone is thinnest and marginal zone is thickest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time required for membrane potential to change after a stimulus |
|
|
Term
| toxins that act on chemical synapses |
|
Definition
tetanus - cleaves synaptobrevin
botulinum B - cleaves synaptobrevin
botulinum A - cleaves SNAP25
botulinum C - cleaves syntaxin-1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of S-cones, confused blue with green and yellow with violet
defect on chromosome 7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
salt-sensitive
receptor potential only
channels: ENaC, K+, Ecto-ATPase, gap junctions
releases serotonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
generates action potentials
selectively tune for sweet, bitter or umami
channels: VG-Na+, Calhm2 (VG-ATP-releasing), and K+
GPCRs, IP3-induced Ca2+, ATP = NT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
generates action potentials
sour taste and other broad receptors
channels: VG-Na+, K+, VG-Ca2+, SNAP25-serotonin release
proton channels are important for sour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bilateral pain and temperature
some crude touch/pressure sensation within dermatome of segment |
|
|
Term
| vesicle proteins for membrane fusion of chemical synapse |
|
Definition
| synaptobrevin, synaptotagmin-1 |
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|
